Humor And How Does It Affect Brand Imaging, Interpersonal...

Section One: Humor is an interesting and diverse topic, especially when applied to the subject of persuasion. How it affects brand imaging, interpersonal communication, and overall perceptions of persuaders. Humor is unique in the sense that it is highly subjective. This subjectivity makes it a very tricky tactic to use in either advertisements or interpersonal persuasion. Humor has a very fluid definition that can vary by culture, gender, age, and religion. This essay will look into the history of humor in human culture, what the psychological effects of humor are on people, how advertisers use these psychological effects to influence consumers and create positive brand image. It will also discuss the proper use of humor and important factors to take into consideration. Finally the use of humor in interpersonal persuasion as well as how humor factors into creating a charismatic image of a presenter. While there is a limited number of resources that have done extensive studies on the topic of humor in persuasion there was a large push for this information in the late 80’s and early 90’s. Part of the difficulty with getting scientific data on the subject of humor is due to the subjectivity of humor. It is difficult to perform a test with experimentation that will be considered humorous by all of the participants. It is also difficult to interpret the results because of this. While the subject is slightly lacking in proper research it is still an important aspect to considerShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesIndividual 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Diversity in Organizations 39 Attitudes and Job Satisfaction 69 Emotions and Moods 97 Personality and Values 131 Perception and Individual Decision Making 165 Motivation Concepts 201 Motivation: From Concepts to Applications 239 3 The Group 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Foundations of Group Behavior 271 Understanding Work Teams 307 Communication 335 Leadership 367 Power and Politics 411 Conflict and Negotiation 445 Foundations of Organization Structure 479 v vi BRIEFRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 Pages2. Interaction between the Leader, the Followers the Situation Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 11. Leadership: Exerting Influence and Power 94 94 Text Palmer−Dunford−Akin †¢ Managing Organizational Change 2. Images of Managing Change 121 121 147 147 Text 3. Why Organizations Change Text Cohen †¢ Effective Behavior in Organizations, Seventh Edition 14. Initiating Change 174 174 Text iii Cases 221 221 225 The Consolidated Life Case:Read MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 PagesDesign Cover Credit George Hoffman Lise Johnson Sarah Vernon Amy Scholz Laura Finley Dorothy Sinclair Sandra Dumas Susan McLaughlin Kevin Murphy Laura Ierardi Allison Morris Hilary Newman mb editorial services David Levy  ©Michael Eudenbach/Getty Images, Inc. This book was set in 10/12 ITC Legacy Serif Book by Aptaracorp, Inc. and printed and bound by Courier/Kendallville. The cover was printed by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002Read MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 PagesConflict management 9.3.2.6 Recognition and awards Defining the Project 4.1 Project charter 5.1 Gather requirements 5.2 Defining scope 5.3 Creating a WBS 5.4 Tools and techniques 6.1 Define activities 9.1.2. Responsibility matrixes 10.1 Communication planning (.2.3.4) [App. G-4] Chapter 12 Outsourcing 12.1.1 Procurement requirements [G.8] 12.1.2.3 Contract types 9.4.2.3 Conflict management 12.2.7 The art of negotiating 12.2.3.5 Change requests Chapter 13 Monitoring Progress

The Field Of Banking And Finance - 934 Words

The field of Banking and finance is still developing and not every organizations are yet organized to deal with IT risk in an integrated way nor do all of them face the same levels of IT risk and or share similar risk side view. It is different to one another however, is compelling those are facing rising incident rates in the areas of security, availability, performance and compliance with noteworthy impact on revenue, reputation, productivity, and cost. (ISIT Risk Management in Banking Industry, 2011) Every organizations should try to manage IT risks effectively in that the challenge are understanding of their portfolio view of IT risks, quantify and prioritize them against the its risk profile and develop an effective program of remediation activities using five step process that can help them to assess their levels of IT risk, develop remediate roadmaps and ultimately build effective, continuous IT risk Management Programs. (Champy, 2005) (Hughes G. , 2007) (ISIT Risk Management in Banking Industry, 2011) Step: 1 Develop awareness of IT risks It begins with comprehensive discovery:  · beginning the program’s scope  · making of risk profile for organization based on overall priorities  · recognizing key areas of information technology risk For many companies, the challenge of discovery are both recognizing new areas of risk and calculation against best IT practices and organizing hundreds of IT risks of which they are already intensely aware. A question now that how do IShow MoreRelatedThe Importance Of Obtaining A Position Of Finance, The Salary Range, And The Job Requirements1616 Words   |  7 Pageselaborate on the finance environment. In addition, one will discuss the types of positions and occupations available for individuals with a knowledge of finance, the salary range, and the job requirements. Finance is a field that is greatly needed by the finance industry. Particularly, since the field of finance entails the allocation and management of assets and liabilities over a period of time under conditions of certainty and uncertainty (Investopedia, 2015). In fact, the study of finance reveals thatRead MoreIntroduction of Finance Industry1451 Words   |  6 PagesCommercial Banking: Overview Commercial banks are in the business of providing banking services to individuals, small businesses and large organizations. While the banking sector has been consolidating, it is worth noting that far more people are employed in the commercial banking sector than any other part of the financial services industry. Jobs in banking can be exciting and offer excellent opportunities to learn about business, interact with people and build up a clientele. Today sRead MoreInvestment Banking Analyst Career Essays1485 Words   |  6 Pages The job of an investment analyst in a banking firm such as Goldman Sach and JPMorgan is to oversee whether or not an investment made by customers will bear fruits, but in order to do so, one must be skillful either in accounting or finance. A clear understanding in one of those majors is necessary because an investment banking analyst will be dealing with a bunch of financial research in stock and bond market and also in companies. Thus, providing information for the customers to helpRead MoreGoldman Sachs Co : The Case Of The National City Corp875 Words   |  4 Pagesand individuals. History of Investment Banking Industry Investment banking is a field that is still growing and there is still room for improvement and the job prospects are one of the best. However, in the last few years, there have been also some jobs cuts in the industry. For example, as Bloomberg reported, Goldman Sachs The financial industry had gone to several crises through the decades. Around 2008, Alex Preston notice that the investments banking industry was in a crisis. Big banks wereRead MoreExamples Of Salary And Demand In Finance763 Words   |  4 PagesSalary and Demand in the Finance Industry According to the U.S Bureau of Labor Statistics, employment opportunities for the sector of business and financial operations has estimated a growth of 632,400 new jobs, or an 8% rise from 2014 to 2024. In fact, the Bureau states that â€Å"the median annual wage for business and financial occupations in 2016 was 66,530, higher than the median annual wage for all occupations of 37,040† (U.S. Dept of Labor). As a future University of Houston-Downtown graduateRead MoreThe United States Banking Sector1562 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States banking sector has flourished ever since the chartering of its first bank, Bank of North America in 1781 (Smith). Historically, banking has brought on significant industrialization in the United States, enabling our nation to stand among the most powerful today. However, the current United States national debt is at $19.2 trillion, and every second it is increasing exponentially (â€Å"U.S. National†). How did we manage to fall into suc h a dark abyss of financial debt? Poor banking, continuousRead MoreThe Financial Service Industry Comprises Of Securities1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe financial service industry comprises of securities and commodities sector, banking sector, insurance and real estate sector. Other industries have finance departments that require professionals with finance qualifications. There is a very strong occupational outlook in this field, and there is a shortage of the right talent to fill these talents. One of the hot job categories is in the field of financial planning and analysis. Financial Planning and Analysis is less focused on the routine transactionRead MoreBusiness Management : The Heart And Lifeline Of Every Country, Economy, And Industry Essay944 Words   |  4 Pagesbusiness to support their living. Comparatively, a combination of these professions constitutes the business’ organization for which certain processes need the specialty and expertise of one these roles. Thi s led me to aspire business management as the field I would like to have a deeper understanding of. As I do not want to study purely business in general, I chose a more specific undergraduate course related to management which is economics applied to agriculture. Through this, I was able to gain knowledgeRead MoreThe Issuance Of Prime Minister Decree No Essay1236 Words   |  5 Pageswork in a satisfactory manner. ctuaries. †¢ Activating role of the Institute of Financial Services through the development of training programs available to the sectors, and holding events to raise awareness with participation of workers in the field. †¢ Following up on the development of the insurance market and awareness, through: o The signing of a memorandum of understanding with the International Federation of Insurance. o The Participation in important events taking place in Egypt duringRead MoreThe Growth And Development Of The Banking Sector1280 Words   |  6 PagesThe trend in the banking and financial institution undergo the transformation of changes within a short span of period. The applications of different advanced technology and the prolonged investigations and research has contributed to the increased growth and development of the banking sector. The finance industries implement a distributed information center. The client’s data and information regarding the transactions get replicated in different terminals to enhance the easy transactions between

Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement Free Essays

string(76) " in the Silom area because it is a central business area of office workers\." CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Research Vitamin supplements bring added nutritional values to people’s health. With their contents of the certain recommended amount of minerals and vitamins needed for staying healthy, vitamin supplements have become more and more popular especially for those with hectic and busy lifestyles. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement or any similar topic only for you Order Now These people believe that daily or regular consumption of vitamin supplements helps to ensure the proper intake of nutrition needed—a compensation for what they might have missed or lost as a result of workload or lifestyle. Unlike medicines or drugs for any medicinal purpose, vitamin supplements are taken for various reasons. Strength, health, and energy seem to take the lead as the top priorities, while illusions of youthfulness, fear of lack of complete nutrients, or long term protection follow. As work life and lifestyle in the global community have become more dynamic and healthy meals with proper dining are rare, people have resorted more to the help of vitamin supplements. Advertising plays a major part in creating more desire for vitamin supplements. Several marketing schemes of pharmaceutical manufacturers make a continued bombardment of publicity, using both soft and hard persuasion to convince consumers believe in the efficacy of vitamin supplements. These movements create motivational factors for consumers, and their reasons for consumption of vitamin supplements can be endless. Modern lifestyle and work behavior remain the catalyst for the market viability of vitamin supplements. While vitamin supplements aim to maintain the good health of their consumers, they could deteriorate health in many ways. Natural nutrition is certainly better than short-cut nutrition. The market, the manufacturers, and the consumers who live a fast-paced lifestyle should look for equilibrium of vitamin supplement exposure. The supplements should help enhance people’s wellbeing, instead of benefiting certain groups. 1. 1. 1 Consumption of Vitamin Supplements Nowadays, people are concerned about their health and they think that they do not eat proper, well-balanced, and nutritious foods which results in a lack of key vitamins, illness, and poor health. This is especially true of businessmen and office workers because, as the world is moving at a busy and faster pace, they spend most of the time working, which uses all their mental and physical energy, and sometimes they are very stressed and do not often eat proper food and rely instead on junk food or fast food because of its convenience. Therefore, these people purchase vitamin supplements to prevent nutritional deficiencies. People do not purchase and consume food supplements or health products as a cure. They purchase and consume then because they think vitamin supplements can help them improve their quality of life. There are several motivational factors that encourage business people or office workers to purchase vitamin supplements which create the demand in the market. The market for vitamin supplements has increased significantly because they have the need to consume vitamin supplements which play an important role in providing nutrition which supports and maintains their good health. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem Consumers of vitamin supplements are mostly business people in the central business districts (CBD) of any of the big cities in the world. Bangkok is no exception. With increasing stress, workload, and the hectic lifestyle of many CBDs in Bangkok, Thai business people try to keep their health stable by consuming more vitamin supplements, rather than observing proper gastronomy. Vitamin supplements of imported and local brands flood the shelves of trendy drug stores like Boots and other popular dispensaries. GNC, an American brand of vitamin supplements, has started to appear around downtown Bangkok’s shopping malls. Competition among manufacturers of vitamin supplements has become fierce, while several consumers have started to realize the side-effects of long-term intake of vitamin supplements. The issues of both the pharmaceutical market’s competitiveness and growing awareness of natural nutrients seem to be intertwined within the consumers’ minds. This study therefore aims to identify the motivational factors of the consumers in CBD Bangkok in their purchase intention of vitamin supplements. Recognizing the motivational factors reveals the consumers’ rationale and the impact of marketing techniques that have brought vitamin supplements to their present status. Manufacturers—both at home and abroad—will benefit from realizing consumers’ motivational factors, so that they are able to plan their research well and develop the technical and marketing sides. Surely Thailand, as a tropical country where herbs and pharmaceutical ingredients are found in abundance for making good vitamin supplements, can partake in this fierce competition with success, while the imported brands are ready to compete in any overseas market. However, if vitamin supplements are to become an essential food for people in CBD, all parties concerned need to use studies of consumers’ motivational factors to determine directions that not only yield a healthy result to the consumers but help them avoid risks too. . 3 Research Questions 1. What motivates business people in central business district (CBD) to purchase vitamin supplements? 2. What characterizes the profile of business people of central business district (CBD) in relationship with their consumption of vitamin supplements? 1. 4 Research Objectives 1. To identify motivational factors of business people in buying vitamin supplements; 2. To describe characteristics and behavior of business people in rel ation to their decision to purchase vitamin supplements; and, 3. To describe the characteristics and behavior of business people in relation to their decision to consume vitamin supplements. 1. 5 Scope of the Research This research aims to understand motivational factors affecting purchase intention regarding office workers and vitamin supplements. The research will break down into four main variables which constitute Individual Characteristics, Situational and Attitudinal Factors, Motivational Factors, and Purchase Intention of vitamin supplements. The target population was around the Silom area which it is the center of the business area and the most crowded place in Bangkok. The respondents were executive managers, senior managers, and managers or work in lower positions. 1. 6 Limitation of the Research This research was conducted in the Silom area because it is a central business area of office workers. You read "Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement" in category "Essay examples" Hence, the result of the research might be different if data are collected from other areas because of difference in demographics and individual characteristics. 1. 7 Significance of the Research The importance of this study is primarily focused on understanding what motivates office workers in terms of the benefits of, and their intent to purchase vitamin supplements. The outcome will be able to help people concerned about the need to consume vitamin supplements through studies of the motivational factors to determine the directions that provide a healthy result to office workers as well as to characterize their individual profiles regarding the intent to purchase vitamin supplements. It will also be useful for marketers to help them analyze and evaluate this study to assist marketing management in marketing decisions and formulating strategies to increase efficiency. 1. 8 Definition of Terms Central Business District (CBD) – the central district of a city or it is office or retail center of the city. In this study, the survey was conducted in the Silom area as it is the center of the business area and suitable for understanding motivational factors on purchase intention of office workers which are the target of this study. * Vitamin supplements – vitamin supplements help provide a consistent source of necessary vitamins and nutritio n. People who are busy in their working life and do not eat properly would benefit from taking vitamin supplements. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Theories 2. 1. 1 Individual Characteristics Individual characteristics can be classified in many ways such as age, gender, educational level, income and personal appearance. It can refer to a set of personal traits of individuals (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). Individual characteristics can be described demographically or physically. Individual characteristics are unique. Some people may have the same characteristics in some areas just as some people may look Asian but no one person is identified to another. People will have different characteristics. According to Beatty and Smith (1987), and Mitchell (1993), demographic factors can fall into one category of individual characteristics which gender and age are mostly described as factors that usually affect consumer behavior. Additionally, we can include other individual characteristics such as educational level, working position and income, household size and time that spent on groceries shopping as factors that affect consumer behavior as well. Educational level can strongly affect consumer behavior. People with a higher education tend to spend more time searching for information and are willing to try something new in the market. Some products are designed for and required by highly-educated person such as laboratory equipment, international textbooks, etc. A Less educated person may seek and consume ordinary or routine products. They tend to have less awareness of new innovative products. Working status and income are perfectly related to each other. People cannot gain an income if they do not work. Income levels vary according to working status and position. Working status and income are usually used as influential factors that could affect consumer behavior. There is no market when there is no income. Income is required by profitable markets. What people can afford affects the products that people are likely to buy. Therefore, income is often one of the most popular demographic factors used to study the effects of consumer behavior. A household is an individual who lives alone or a group of individuals living together in a common dwelling, regardless of whether they are related. Households can be cohabitating couples who are unmarried and the opposite sex, same sex or simply roommates. Household size is determined by the number of people who live in the dwelling. Household size could affect buying decisions and consumer behavior. Logically, each household is likely to buy and consume different products at different quantities. Lastly, for individual characteristics, time spent on groceries is the number of hours spent grocery shopping per week. According to the study of Goodman (2008), over 32 million American adults shop at a grocery store on a typical day. That is a large population density in grocery shops which could be a potential market for marketers. The time spent grocery shopping may affect the buying behavior of consumers in terms of buying more other products. 2. 1. 2 Situational and Attitudinal Factors Consumer behavior of individuals could be affected by the individual’s needs, benefits sought, attitudes, motivation and purchasing situation. Since people have different attitudes, beliefs and situations, consumer behavior of each person will be expressed differently as well. Situational factors are all those factors related to the time and place of observation which do not require the knowledge of a person. These factors could strongly affect consumer behavior (Beck, 1975). People may act and consume differently in different purchasing situations. Time influences a purchase situation. Attitudinal factors are related to an individual’s tendency toward a specific thing and it is also a person’s propensity to be persistent and consistent. Attitude encompasses general knowledge and constitutes the cognitive, emotions, and actions. When an individual holds a positive attitude toward a target, he or she will hold the same attitude toward a similar target (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). According to the study of Kim and Chung (2011), health consciousness and appearance consciousness could affect consumer behavior. People who are at the stage of health and appearance consciousness do care about the desired stage of well-being and are willing to put in hard effort to maintain this. People with high health and appearance consciousness tend to spend more time searching for information on healthy living and they are likely to buy more vitamin supplements and other related health products. According to the Oxford English Dictionaries, a special diet means a special course of food to which people restrict themselves with either the purpose to lose weight or for medical reasons. It implies a specific intake of vitamin supplements or nutrition for weight management and health purposes. Grocery shopper can be used to measure motivation regarding consumer perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. The more involved grocery shoppers go shopping by themselves and are more likely to employ purchase strategies that will enhance their purchase intention (Smith Carsky, 1996). A meal planner is also the same, according to Moore and Lehmann (1980), who found that an individual who is a meal planner or who prepares food seems to be more involved in purchase intention. Hence, they will be concerned about their food and nutrition and if they think they may lack benefits from their meals, they will be more likely to purchase vitamin supplements. . 1. 3 Motivational factors and product class involvement factors Consumer motivation is described as the influences that lead a consumer’s behavior toward a goal (Wang, 2001). Motivational factors are identified as a set of specific factors that influence motivation to individual needs. According to Drichoutis, Lazaridis, and Nayga Jr, (2007), this study defines price, nutrition, ease of intake, brand, and advertisement as variables in a measurement of product involvement, referred to by Moorthy (1997), which in this case is vitamin supplements. In addition, Rose (1994), and Thayer (1997) both concluded that these factors are important in consumer purchase intention. Price has a psychological impact that is used to influence consumer purchasing power. Nutrition can be defined as food or nourishment that is needed to keep growing, healthy, and to support life. Ease of intake has an emphasis on the convenience and difficulties of taking vitamin supplements. Brand enables a consumer to easily identify products of a particular company and decide to purchase them. Advertisement reflects an increasing trend in which people are concerned about their health. 2. 1. 4 Purchase Intention Purchase intention is a measurement of the possibility that a consumer will purchase a product and if the purchase intention is high, there is more chance that the consumer is willing to purchase a product. Purchase intention indicates consumers will follow their experience, preference, and motivation to collect information then evaluate their choices and choose alternatives so they can make a decision to purchase a product (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). Purchase intention also leads consumers to not just purchase a product once but to repeatedly purchase or repurchase a product and to recommend it to others. Customers repurchase intention depends on the value obtained in their previous transactions (Wathne, 2001; Kaynak, 2003; Bolton, 2000). So purchase intention is based on that value with a relationship with expected future benefits. Recommendation in purchase intention is consumers who are willing to recommend others to purchase the same products that they bought (Olaru, Purchase, Peterson, 2008). CHAPTER 3 FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Theoretical Framework 1. Figure 3. 1 – Drichoutis, A. C. , Lazaridis, P. , Nayga Jr, R. M. (2007). An assessment of product class involvement in food-purchasing behavior. This study aims to use the following framework to access the factors affecting the importance of different aspects such as price, taste, nutrition, ease of intake, and brand name of products (which in this study is food). The overall involvement with food, based on attribute importance, is affected by attitudinal factors and Socio-economic. In this framework, it provides different profiles of consumers who are not involved or more involved with food based on specific aspects. 2. Figure 3. 2 – Kim, H. Y. , Chung, J. E. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. The proposal of this framework attempts to study the effects of consumer values and past experience on consumer purchase intention of organic products and to consider the effect of perceived behavioral control on the attitude intention relationship by using the theory of planned behavior. . 2 Conceptual Framework Individual Characteristics * Age * Gender * Education * Work position * Income * Household Size * Time Spent on Grocery Shopping Figure 3. 3 – Motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements Purchase Intention * Purchase * Repurchase * Recommend others to purchase Motivational Factors * Price * Nutrition * Ease of Intake * Brand * Advertisement (trend) Situational Attitudinal Factors * Health Consciousness * Appearance Consciousness * Special Diet Status * Grocery Shopper Meal Planner After clearly understand two theoretical frameworks, the conceptual framework in this research aims to study motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements regarding office workers in the Silom area. First of all, it is necessary to study individual characteristics of office workers and how these affect purchases of vitamin supplements. Second, the study aims to identify situational and attitudinal factors that effect on consumer motivation leading to purchase of vitamin supplements. Third, the study aims to consider motivational factors of office workers and their effect on purchase intention of vitamin supplements. 3. 2. 1 Individual Characteristics The demographic factors are included in the individual characteristics category. Gender and age are factors that affect consumer behavior. Moreover, this study used education, working position, income, and household size as factors to further evaluate consumer characteristics to indicate how this effects their motivation and purchase intention of vitamin supplements. This research suggests these factors are crucial to profile consumers that intend to purchase vitamin supplements. 3. 2. 2 Situational Attitudinal Factors This research defines health consciousness, appearance consciousness, special diet status, grocery shopper, and meal planner under situational and attitudinal factors. People who are concerned about their desired state of well-being or require a special course of nutrition are likely to make an effort to maintain a healthy life, and are interested in caring about their appearance, by purchasing vitamin supplements. People who go shopping and prepare meals themselves are more likely to purchase vitamin supplements because these situational and attitudinal factors can influence and motivate an individual’s perception about nutritional values. 3. 2. 3 Motivational Factors Motivational factors are identified as factors that influence motivation of office workers to purchase vitamin supplements. The perceived importance of price, nutrition, ease of intake, brand, and advertisement are included in the model in which these factors are defined to effect consumer perception of the benefits of vitamin supplements and influence their purchase intention. The researcher would like to determine if these factors create a positive or a negative relationship toward their purchase intention. 3. 2. 4 Purchase Intention This research defines purchase, repurchase, and recommending others to purchase under the purchase intention category. People are motivated to take action based on their behavior, attitude, and perception so they intend to purchase vitamin supplements for health benefits. They may intend to repurchase in the future based on their previous expectation in products and they may also recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements. . 3 Hypothesis H1o: There is no relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption H1a: There is a relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption H2o: There is no relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplements H2a: There is a relatio nship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplements 3. Operationalization of Variables Variables| Concept of Variable| Operational Component| Measurement Scale| Situational Attitudinal Factors| – Situational factors are related to the time and place of observation that do not require the knowledge of a person and situational factors could strongly affect consumer behavior (Beck, 1975). – Attitudinal Factors are related to an individual’s tendency toward a specific thing and it is also a person’s propensity to be persistent and consistent (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). – Concerned about health and diet all the time- On a special diet due to a health problem – Worried about physical shape and appearance- Do most of the grocery shopping- Always plan all family meals| Interval ScaleQ1 – Q5| Motivational Factors| Motivational factors are identified as a set of specific factors that influence motivation to individual needs (Wang, 2001). – Pay attention to price- Pay attention to nutritional value – Pay attention to convenience and ease of intake- Pay attention to the brand- Pay attention to popularity, advertisements and social trends| Interval ScaleQ6 – Q10| Purchase Intention| – Purchase intention indicates consumers will follow their preference, experience, and motivation to collect information then evaluate their choices and choose alternatives so they can make a decision to purchase a product (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). – Intend to purchase vitamin supplements- Recommend others to purchase- Intend to repeat purchasing| Interval ScaleQ11 – Q13| Individual Characteristics (Personal Information)| Individual characteristics can be classified is many ways such as age, gender, educational level, income and personal appearance. It refers to a set of personal traits of an individual (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). | – Gender- Age- Education level â₠¬â€œ Work position- Household size- Income- Time spent grocery shopping| Ordinal and NominalQ14 – Q20| 3. 5 Statistical Treatment of Data The research used a quantitative research method to prove the findings. Quantitative research is used to measure how many people feel, think or act in a particular way using surveys or questionnaires. Quantitative research also provides numerical data or can convert data into numbers for a statistical review. The research used a questionnaire for collecting data because it is the most proper way based on the number of questions to be answered and to get reliable data and information from the target population. 3. 5. 1 Respondents Sampling Procedure 1. Target Population The target population was office workers in the Silom area, which we considered to be the suitable location in the business area because this area is very famous, crowded, and at the center of the business area. 2. Sample size and unit The data were collected from 384 sampling units as this is the minimum sample sizes required from the population of office workers located in the Silom area. The population of office workers from this area is numerous because Silom is the center of the business area and many people from different areas work there. 3. Sampling Procedure The sampling method in this study is non-probability sampling because it is the most appropriate sampling method for this research as the target population are selected at random. Thus the research used the following type of non-probability samples technique in order to get questionnaire completed – Judgmental or Purposive sampling – This sampling is based on the assumption that the researcher can select elements which represent a typical sample from the appropriate target population: office workers in the Silom area. 3. 5. 2 Research Instrument and Questionnaire Design The researcher used a self-administered questionnaire which is a tool that helps the respondents to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire design was based on the conceptual framework and was divided into four parts as follows – Part 1 (Situational Attitudinal Factors) – this part of the questionnaire is about understanding the situational and attitudinal factors regarding office workers and vitamin supplements. Part 2 (Motivational Factors) – this part of the questionnaire is about understanding the motivational factors of office workers toward vitamin supplements. Part 3 (Purchase Intention) – the researcher wanted to understand office workers purchase intention of vitamin supplements. The researcher would also like to know if they think vitamin supplements are very important in today’s business world. Part 4 (Individual Characteristics) – this part consisted of questions that acquired individual data of the respondent: it helped the researcher to understand what a characteristic profile of office workers are and their attitudes toward vitamin supplements. Questionnaire Scale A 5-point Likert Scale was used in the questionnaire. = Strongly Agree 4 = Agree 3 =Neutral 2=Disagree 1=Strongly Disagree 3. 5. 3 Collection of Data The researcher can collect 384 sets of questionnaires from respondents who are office workers in the Silom area. The questionnaire was carried out only during business hours. The researcher spent two weeks collecting questionnaire and the researcher had two assistants to help distribute questionnaires fo r obtaining data. The researcher collected all questionnaires and analyzed the data using the software package Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). 3. 6 Reliability Test Reliability Analysis of Research Instrument To test variables in the questionnaire using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient scale and if the alpha test result from the calculation is above . 6 or equal, it means that all questions in the questionnaire are reliable and consistent and can be applied as research instruments in this study. Situational and Attitudinal Factors Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| No. of Items| .800| 5| Motivational Factors Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| No. of Items| .727| 5| Purchase Intention Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| No. f Items| .907| 3| Overall Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| No. of Items| .895| 13| Table 3. 6: The Summary of Reliability Test Analysis Variables| Alpha test| Situational and Attitudinal Factors| . 800| Motivational Factors| . 727| Purchase Intention| . 907| Overall| . 895| The reliability test results of research instrument according to Table 4. 8 indicate that all v ariables in the questionnaire are greater than . 6. Therefore, all questions are reliable and consistent and can be applied as research instruments in this study. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to analyze the data using the following analyses – Frequency Analysis – To point out the individual characteristics of business people or office workers Descriptive Analysis – To test attitude, motivation, and intention of office workers and point what is the factor that they believe is the most important for them Correlation – To study the relationship or correlation between variables 4. 1 Frequency Analysis Table 4. 1. 1: The Analysis of Gender Levels using Frequency and Percentage Gender| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Male| 122| 31. 8| 31. 8| 31. 8| | Female| 262| 68. 2| 68. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 1, indicates that 68. 2% (262) of the respondents were female and 31. 8% (122) were male. Table 4. 1. 2: The Analysis of Age Levels using Frequency and Percentage Age| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 20 – 30 years old| 153| 39. 8| 39. 8| 39. 8| | 31 – 40 years old| 121| 31. 5| 31. 5| 71. 4| | 41 – 50 years old| 78| 20. 3| 20. 3| 91. 7| | 51 – 60 years old| 32| 8. | 8. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 2, indicates that the highest percentages of respondents 39. 8% (153) were 20 to 30. 31. 5% (121) were 31 to 40, 20. 3% (78) were 41 to 50, and 8. 3% (32) were 51 to 60. Table 4. 1. 3: The Analysis of Educational Levels using Frequency and Percentage Educational levels| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Bachelor’s degree or lower| 212| 55. 2| 55. 2| 55. 2| | Master’s degree or higher| 172| 44. 8| 44. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 3, indicates that 55. % (212) of respondents held a bachelor’s degree or lower and 44. 8% (172) held a master’s degree or higher. Table 4. 1. 4: The Analysis of Work Position Levels using Frequency and Percentage Work position | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Manager or lower| 214| 55. 7| 55. 7| 55. 7| | Senior manager| 131| 34. 1| 34. 1| 89. 8| | Executive manager| 39| 10. 2| 10. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 4, indicates that the highest percentages of respondents worked as a manager or a lower position: 55. 7% (214), 34. % (131) were senior managers, and 10. 2% (39) were executive managers. Table 4. 1. 5: The Analysis of Household Size Levels using Frequency and Percentage Number of family members(household size)| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 3 or less| 104| 27. 1| 27. 1| 27. 1| | more than 3| 280| 72. 9| 72. 9| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 5, indicates that most households contained more than 3 people 72. 9% (280), and 27. 1% (104) contained 3 people or less. Table 4. 1. 6: The Analysis of Income Levels using Frequency and Percentage Income per month| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| C umulative Percent| Valid| Up to 30,000 baht| 217| 56. 5| 56. 5| 56. 5| | Greater than 30,000 baht| 167| 43. 5| 43. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 6, indicates that the highest percentages 56. 5% (217) earned up to 30,000 baht while 43. 5% (167) earned greater than 30,000 baht. Table 4. 1. 7: The Analysis of Time Spent Shopping Levels usuing Frequency and Percentage Total amount of time spent shopping per week| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 2 hours or less| 171| 44. 5| 44. 5| 44. 5| more than 2 hours| 213| 55. 5| 55. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 7, indicates that most respondents 55. 5% (213) spent more than 2 hours shopping, and 44. 5% (171) spent 2 hours or less. 4. 2 Descriptive Analysis Table 4. 2. 1: The Analysis of Situational and Attitudinal Factors using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| | N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I am concerned about my health and diet all the time | 384| 3. 85| . 911| I am on a special diet due to a health problem| 384| 2. 96| 1. 207| I often worry about my physical shape and appearance| 384| 2. 8| 1. 269| I do most of the grocery shopping myself| 384| 3. 65| . 985| I always plan all family meals| 384| 3. 55| . 979| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 1, the researcher found that the highest average of situational and attitudinal factors is 3. 85: those concerned about health (health consciousness) and the lowest average is 2. 96: those on a special diet. The highest standard deviation is 1. 269: those who worry about physical shape and appearance (appearance consciousness) and the lowest standard deviation is 0. 911: those concerned about health (health consciousness). Table 4. 2. 2: The Analysis of Motivational Factors using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| | N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I often pay attention to price when I go shopping| 384| 3. 67| . 989| I often pay attention to nutritional value when I do grocery shopping| 384| 3. 75| . 822| I often pay attention to convenience and ease of intake of medicine and vitamins| 384| 3. 63| . 858| I pay attention to the brands of vitamins and supplementary food| 384| 3. 42| . 902| I pay attention to popularity, advertisements, and social trends of vitamin consumption| 384| 3. 0| . 958| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 2, the researcher found that the highest average of motivational factor is 3. 75: those who pay attention to nutritional value and the lowest average is 3. 20: those who pay attention to the popularity, advertisements, and social trends. The highest standard deviation is 0. 989: those who pay attention to price. The lowest standard deviation is 0. 822: those who pay attention to nutrition value. Table 4. 2. 3: The Analysis of Purchase Intention using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I intent to purchase vitamin supplements| 384| 3. 14| 1. 145| I want to recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements| 384| 3. 28| . 936| I intend to repurchase vitamins and supplements continuously| 384| 3. 09| 1. 156| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 3, the researcher found that the highest average of purchase intention is 3. 28: those who recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements, and the lowest average is 3. 09: those who intend to repurchase vitamin supplements. The highest standard deviation is 1. 56: those who intend to repurchase vitamin supplements and the lowest standard deviation is 0. 936: those who recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements. 4. 3 Inferential Analysis Table 4. 3. 1: The Analysis of the Relationship between Situational At titudinal Factors and Motivation using the Person Correlation (Bivariate) Correlations| | MeanSAF| MeanMF| MeanSAF| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 638**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 384| 384| MeanMF| Pearson Correlation| . 638**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 384| 384| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 1 level (2-tailed). | According to Table 4. 3. 1, the results from the inferential analysis using the Pearson correlation show that the significant is equal . 000 which is less than . 01 (. 000. 01). It means that the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus, the researcher can conclude that there is a relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivation at the significant 0. 01 level. At . 638 means there is a strong positive relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivation or two variables move in the same direction. Table 4. 3. : The Analysis of the Relationship between Motivation and Purchase Intention using the Person Correlation (Bivaria te) Correlations| | MeanMF| MeanPI| MeanMF| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 746**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 384| 384| MeanPI| Pearson Correlation| . 746**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 384| 384| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | According to Table 4. 3. 2, the results from the inferential analysis using the Pearson correlation show that the significant is equal . 000 which is less than . 01 (. 000. 01). It means that the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus, the researcher can conclude that there is a relationship between motivation and purchase intention at the significant 0. 01 level. At . 746 means that there is a strong positive relationship between motivation and purchase intention or two variables move in the same direction. CHAPTER 5 DICUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS There are four sections in this chapter. The first section is to discuss of the summary of findings and hypothesis testing. The second section is to discuss and make conclusion which answers the research questions in this research. The third section is recommendations and the last section suggests the future studies. 5. 1. 1 Summary of Findings Table 5. 1. 1: Profile of Office Workers Variables| Percentage of total| Gender| MaleFemale| 31. 8%68. 2%| Age| 20 – 30 years old31 – 40 years old41 – 50 years old51 – 60 years old| 39. 8%31. 5%20. 3%8. 3%| Education| Bachelor’s degree or lowerMaster’s degree or higher| 55. 2%44. 8%| Work position| Manager or lowerSenior managerExecutive manager| 55. 7%34. 1%10. 2%| Household size| 3 or lessMore than 3| 27. 1%72. 9%| Income| Up to 30,000 bahtGreater than 30,000 baht| 56. 5%43. %| Time spent shopping per week| 2 hours or lessMore than 2 hours| 44. 5%55. 5%| Based on the findings, females were the majority of the respondents: 262 (68. 2%). The largest age group was 20 – 30 years old: 153 respondents (39. 8%). The majority of respondents had an educational level of Bachelor’s degree or lower: 212 respondents (55. 2%). Most respondents work position was manager or lower: 214 respondents (55. 7%). The majority of households contained more than 3 persons: 280 respondents (72. 9%). Most respondents had an income per month of up to 30,000 baht: 217 respondents (56. %). Most respondents spent more than 2 hours per week shopping: 213 respondents (55. 5%). 5. 1. 2 Summary of Hypotheses Testing This research used the Pearson correlation analysis to demonstrate the hypotheses, and the results are – Hypothesis 1: There is a relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption Hypothesis 2: There is a relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplement The key finding from each hypothesis will be analysis in the next part. . 2 Discussion and Conclusion Table 5. 2: Summary of Mean and Standard Deviation Variables| Means (SD)| Health consciousness | 3. 85 (0. 911)| Appearance consciousness| 2. 96 (1. 207)| Sp ecial diet status| 2. 98 (1. 269)| Grocery shopper| 3. 65 (0. 985)| Meal planner | 3. 55 (0. 979)| Price| 3. 67 (0. 989)| Nutrition| 3. 75 (0. 822)| Ease of intake| 3. 63 (0. 858)| Brand| 3. 42 (0. 902)| Advertisements and social trends| 3. 20 (0. 958)| Intent to purchase vitamin supplements| 3. 14 (1. 145)| Recommend others to purchase and consume vitamin supplements. 3. 28 (0. 936)| Intend to repurchase vitamins and supplements continuously. | 3. 09 (1. 156)| As for situational and attitudinal factors, the researcher found that the highest factor was health consciousness which means the majority of office workers are concerned about their health and diet all the time (mean score 3. 85). Based on this result, which may be caused by their busy lifestyle and working life, they are least concerned about having a special diet due to health problems (mean score 2. 6) which means they do not think they need to diet much. As for motivational factors, the researcher found that the highest factor that motivate them is nutrition value when they do grocery shopping (mean score 3. 75). Based on this result, office workers may think nutrition is needed to support their life and keep them healthy. They are least motivated by popularity, advertisements, and social trends (mean score 3. 20) because they seem not to care much about advertisements or trends as they recognize the importance of vitamin supplements. As for purchase intention, the researcher found that the highest average (regarding purchase intention) is office workers who want to recommend that others purchase vitamin supplements (mean score 3. 28). Based on this result, they recognize vitamin supplements are needed and they may think that they should recommend that their friends, co-workers, and family try vitamin supplements. This mean score was followed by intent to purchase vitamin supplements (mean score 3. 14) and intent to repurchase vitamin supplements (mean score 3. 09). Office workers purchase vitamin supplements when they think they lack necessary nutrition or a healthy life. If they think they have good well-being, they feel that they do not need to purchase vitamin supplements. However, they may repurchase vitamin supplements again when they feel they are needed. This research aimed to study the motivational factors regarding purchase intention of vitamin supplements by office workers in the Silom area in terms of individual characteristics, situational and attitudinal factors, motivational factors, and purchase intention. This study used the SPSS program in order to test and analyze hypotheses and all related factors using the Pearson correlation. The researcher found that there is a relationship between two variables in each hypothesis with a strong positive relationship or a move in the same direction. Based on the result of hypothesis one, the research shows that office workers agreed that the more they are concerned about their health and also do grocery shopping and meal planning themselves, the more motivation there is toward vitamin supplement consumption. Based on the result of hypothesis two, office workers also agreed that important factors that motivate them to purchase vitamin supplements are price, nutrition, and ease of intake whereas brand and advertisements or trends are the two least important factors. Hence, office workers in Silom area agreed that they have the intention to purchase and recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements if the price is suitable, there is high nutritional value, and there is ease of intake. 5. 3 Recommendations Based on the result of hypothesis one, the researcher found that there is a relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption. The researcher would like to suggest that it is a best opportunity for marketers to plan in their research and development the production of a high quality product because office workers are concerned about their health and food consumption and they pay attention to the nutritional value of food or supplements, brands, convenience, ease of intake, and price. According to the result of ypothesis two, the researcher found that there is a relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplements. The researcher would like to suggest that marketers can develop and implement a marketing strategy because price, nutrition, and brand are factors that office workers are concerned about so marketers could motivate them by offering product information on the labels under the br and name as well as using pricing and advertising to motivate them to purchase vitamin supplements. 5. 4 Future study The researcher would like to make a suggestion regarding future study that can be made using this research. This research was conducted only on office workers in the Silom area and, for further knowledge and understanding, the research could be conducted on office workers in other areas such as Sukumvit, Pleonchit, and Siam as to have a full understanding into the motivation and purchase intention toward vitamin supplements in Bangkok. Future study can use, adapt, and adjust this research and its framework to fit with their study of motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements with more or other variables. REFERENCES Ajzen, I. , Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracin, B. T. Johnson, M. P. Zanna (Eds. ), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173-221). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Baltas, G. (2001). Nutrition labelling: issues and policies. European Journal of Marketing, 35 (5/6), 708 – 721. Drichoutis, A. C. , Lazaridis, P. , Nayga Jr, R. M. (2007). An assessment of product class involvement in food-purchasing behavior. European Journal of Marketing, 41 (7/8), 888 – 914. Essoussi, L. H. , Zahaf, M. (2008). Decision making process of community organic food consumers: An exploratory study. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25 (2), 95 – 104. Gautreau, C. (2011). Motivational factors affecting the integration of a learning management system by faculty. The Journal of Educators Online, 8 (1), 1 – 25. Goodman, J. (2008, October). Grocery shopping: who, where and when. Retrieved July 17, 2012, from Time Use Institute website: http://www. timeuseinstitute. org/ Hollywood, L. E. , Armstrong, G. A. , Durkin M. G. (2007). Using behavioural and motivational thinking in food segmentation. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 35 (9), 691 – 702. Houghton, J. , Neck, C. Cooper, K. (2009). Nutritious food intake: A new competitive advantage for organization? International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 2 (2), 161 – 179. Kim, H. Y. , Chung, J. E. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28 (1), 40 – 47. Nayga Jr, R. M. (1999). Toward an understanding of consum ers’ perceptions of food labels. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 2 (1), 29 – 45. Olaru, D. , Purchase, S. , Peterson, N. (2008). From customer value to repurchase intentions and recommendations. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 23 (8), 554 – 565. Schiffman, L. G. , Kanuk, L. L. (2000). Consumer Behavior. Wisconsin, WI: Prentice Hall. Smith, M. , Carsky, M. (1996). Grocery shopping behavior: A comparison of involved and uninvolved consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 3 (2), 73 – 80. APPENDICES APPENDIX A ENGLISH VERSION QUESTIONNAIRE This questionnaire is a part of an Individual Research in the topic of â€Å"Motivational Factors on Purchase Intention of Vitamin Supplements† by a Master of Business Administration student of Assumption University. The researcher, hereby, pledges that all of the information gathered will be kept confidential and used to assist the project of study only. Your kind cooperation would be very much appreciated. Please indicate whether you agree or disagree with the following statements 5= strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = neutral, 2 = disagree, 1 = strongly disagree | 5| 4| 3| 2| 1| 1. I am concerned about my health and diet all the time. | | | | | | 2. I am on a special diet due to a health problem. | | | | | | 3. I often worry about my physical shape and appearance. | | | | | | 4. I do most of the grocery shopping myself. | | | | | | 5. I always plan all family meals. | | | | | | 6. I often pay attention to price when I go shopping| | | | | | 7. I often pay attention to nutritional value when I do grocery shopping. | | | | | | 8. I often pay attention to convenience and ease of intake of medicine and vitamins. | | | | | | 9. I pay attention to the brands of vitamins and supplementary food. | | | | | | 10. I pay attention to popularity, advertisements and social trends of vitamin consumption. | | | | | | 11. I intent to purchase vitamins and supplementary food. | | | | | 12. I want to recommend others to purchase and consume vitamin supplements. | | | | | | 13. I intend to repurchase vitamins and supplements continuously. | | | | | | Personal Information 14. Gender ? Male? Female 15. Age ? 20 – 30 years old? 41 – 50 years old ? 31 – 40 years old? 51 – 60 years old 16. Education level ? Bachelor’s degree or lower? Masterâ€℠¢s degree or higher 17. Work position ? Manager or lower position ? Senior manager ? Executive manager 18. Number of family members (household size) ? 3 or less? more than 3 19. Income per month ? Up to 30,000 baht ? Greater than 30,000 baht 20. Total amount of time spent shopping per week ? 2 hours or less? more than 2 hours APPENDIX B THAI VERSION QUESTIONNAIRE (Individual Research) ———————————————— 5 = , 4 = , 3 = , 2 = , 1 = | 5| 4| 3| 2| 1| 1. | | | | | | 2. | | | | | | 3. | | | | | | 4. | | | | | | 5. | | | | | | 6. † | | | | | | 7. | | | | | | 8. - ( )| | | | | | 9. ( ) | | | | | | 10. | | | | | | 11. | | | | | | 12. | | | | | | 13. | | | | | | 14. ? ? 15. ? 20 – 30 41 – 50 ? 31 – 40 51 – 60 16. ? ? 17. ? (manager) ? (senior manager) ? (executive manager) 18. ? 3 3 19. ? 30,000 ? 30,000 20. ? 2 2 How to cite Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement, Essay examples

How does Shakespeare make Act 2 Scene 5 of Twelfth Night Dramatic Essay Example For Students

How does Shakespeare make Act 2 Scene 5 of Twelfth Night Dramatic Essay Act 2 Scene 5 of Twelfth Night by William Shakespeare is the scene in which Maria, Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Fabian lay the foundation of their revenge by leaving a letter for Malvolio supposedly written by Olivia saying that she loves him. The scene is made dramatic in various ways. First of all, prior to Act 2 Scene 5, the audience already dislike Malvolio. This is because he feels he can talk down to Sir Toby who is socially his superior: my masters are you mad? Or what are you? Have you no wit, manners, nor honesty, but to gable like tinkers at this time of night? This makes the audience dislike Malvolio because he thinks he has more right to have control over Sir Toby. We know that Sir Toby does not like Malvolio speaking down to him because he gets angry and reminds Malvolio of his position: out o tune Sir, ye lie, art any more than a steward? This adds to the drama of Act 2 Scene 5 because by the end of the previous scene the audience are already looking forward to seeing Toby, Andrew, Fabian and Maria get revenge on Malvolio. Another point is, in Act 2 scene 5, the audience discover more about Malvolios character when he is in the garden talking to himself. He is revealing his true character because he thinks he is alone. We discover that in reality he is quite vein and thinks he has more importance that he does: he has been yonder I the sun practising behaviour to his own shadow. He jumps to conclusions when he finds the letter and automatically assumes it is for him: M, Malvolio; M why, that begins my name! Then he says: To be count Malvolio already putting himself into a higher position. This makes the audience think he is arrogant and they cannot wait to see him humiliated. In addition, the stage arrangement also adds to the drama and suspense of this scene. Malvolio is at the front of the stage, thinking he is alone, but secretly Sir Toby, Sir Andrew and Fabian are hiding behind a bush in the garden. This adds to the tension because the audience know the other characters are there and can hear everything. Malvolio starts to pretend to order Toby around: you must amend your drunkenness. This makes Sir Toby angry and he starts to speak out loud: shall this fellow live? This builds suspense as the audience wonder if he is going to blow his cover and spoil the plot. As he gets more angry he speaks louder and louder and the audience get more and more tense as they wonder what will happen. This keeps them interested and involved. Further more, dramatic Irony also contributes to the drama of Act 2 Scene 5 because the audience know that Malvolio is being tricked and therefore feel they are part of the plot to humiliate him. They enjoy watching this happen because they dislike him and so enjoy watching him build up false hope when really none of what he believes is true. They are looking forward to seeing what is going to happen because they know he is going to make a fool of himself and therefore they feel more involved because they know something Malvolio does not. Moreover, Shakespeares language plays an important part in the play because it reminds us of the theme of the scene. Malvolio begins to use Thou when referring to Olivia, making him seem more important and of higher authority as he already feels equal to her. The audience dont like this because they already know he is full of self importance and arrogant. They react by becoming more eager for him to be humiliated. Shakespeare also uses hunting imagery and insults and to remind the audience that Malvolio is going to be caught: Here comes the trout, that must be caught with tickling. This suggests that Malvolio is being compared to an animal and is being hunted down. Therefore, it reminds the audience that Malvolio is not as important as he thinks and he is just a source of entertainment to Toby, Andrew and Fabian. .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a , .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .postImageUrl , .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a , .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a:hover , .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a:visited , .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a:active { border:0!important; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a:active , .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u610eba8be5a71adeb9c641fe0677937a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Dramatic devices and the theme of responsibility EssayFinally, Marias final speech at the end of the scene adds to the drama because it sums up the whole scene and reminds us of what is going to happen next. He will come to her in yellow stockings, and tis a colour she abhors. She is talking to Sir Toby, Sir Andrew, Fabian and the audience. This involves the audience in the plot once again and leaves them in suspense waiting for the revenge on Malvolio. She says: if you will see it follow me. She is inviting the audience to watch the rest of the play and involving them in the plot. Sir Toby then ends the scene by saying: To the gates of tartar, thou most excellent devil of wit. He is urging the play on and filling the audience with excitement and anticipation. Therefore, in conclusion, it is clear that Shakespeare has successfully made this a dramatic scene. His use of stage directions, dramatic irony, language and imagery has created a build up of tension by revealing Malvolios true character, involving the audience in the plot and making them look forward in anticipation to the rest of the play.

Mozart Essays (630 words) - Mozart Family, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

Mozart I'm writing my paper on Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. I will be talking about his life and his music. I will tell you a little bit about his father, wife, and son. Mozart was the leading composer of the Classical Age. He wrote many different types of music. He was the best composer of his time. Mozart was born in Salzburg, Austria on January 27, 1756. He was around music his entire life. By the age of three, he had begun to show a love of music. He would listen to his sister play the piano for hours at a time. Then he would get up on the bench and try it himself. He loved to watch and learn from his sister. When Mozart was five, he was already doing plays. He took part in a comedy called Sigismundus Hungariae Rex. Just after this he began to travel around Europe to play pieces of his music for kings. By this time in his life, he was already composing operas for the theartre. Mozart composed over six-hundred pieces, some of which he composed by the age of fourteen. He appreciated music because his father also loved and appreciated music. His father's name was Leopold. Leopold was a great composer as well as a leader of a social party. Mozart and his father traveled together to play music. His sister Nannerl, whom Mozart had listened to in his child years, usually came along to support and cheer for her little brother. Leopold and Mozart had different styles of music. Leopold only composed religious music. Mozart wrote operas, symphonys, church music, concertos, and also serenades. He excelled in all types of music. Mozart never rewrote any of his work. It was always perfect the first time. He never recopied his work either. There was only one original copy of each of his works. Now of course they have been recopied and sold in stores for other musicians today. People loved to be around Mozart. He had a wonderful sense of humor. He loved to make people laugh, or at least try to. On the other hand, Mozart was sometimes depressed and mad. He would sit in his room and just write music all day. Mozart's music was mostly cheerful. He also composed deeply serious music. He was able to write anything he wanted to. He would just set his mind to it and compose away. He loved music. At this time, the piano was very new. It was played widely by amateur composers. Mozart greatly contributed to making the piano forte a very popular instrument. By the time he was in his late twenties, Mozart was traveling a lot. He would play for royalty, the rich, and also the public. He would travel so often that it eventually affected his health. He would become very sick at times. Mozart had a wife and son. His wife was Constanze Mozart. Her maiden name was Weber. She was born in Zell, Austria. She died an old woman in Salzburg in the year 1842. Mozart's son was named Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart. He was later known as Wolfgang Amadeus, after his father. He was born the year his father died in Vienna in 1791. He died at the age of fifty-three in Carlsbad in 1844. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart died in Vienna in 1791. He died in his bed from pnemonia. His wife and family could not afford a proper burial so they threw him in a large hole with ten other people. He was wrapped in cloth so he wouldn't rot and smell bad. He was buried in an unmarked grave. Even today nobody knows where he rests in peace. We will probably never know. I think that Mozart was an interesting man. I enjoy listening to his symphonys and operas when I get the chance to. I would definetly recommend doing a report on Mozart to a frien. He was a pretty neat person. Music Essays

CNC fundamentals essays

CNC fundamentals essays 10 Improvements to the Process 13 PART 1: SINGLE COMPONENT MANUFACTURE The aim of this work is to provide an understanding of the principles in manual part programming, with the use of a state of the art CBC vertical machining centre, together with process planning and machine selection for different components. In order to fulfil this aim, it was necessary to carry out various tasks, including process planning and part programming, as well as spotting any errors prior to machining. The first task involved producing only one component, using the Denford Triac Fanuc machine, located in the Wolfson School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering Advanced Manufacturing Laboratory. The aim of this task was to develop part programming skills, and to give a contrast in manufacturing techniques when compared to tasks two and three. The second task was to plan the process for producing 100,000 of this component every year, which is approximately 25 components per hour . This task gives the student an idea of the economics involved in long run manufacture, and how it compares to the single component manufacture, as described in task 1. The third task in this assignment was to plan the process for a short rung of multi-faced components, including setting up the machine and a discussion of the fixturing and tooling involved. In order to make this coursework economic and relevant, the component part program was written as if the part were to be manufactured in aluminium, but it was actually manufactured in resin. This was also necessary to avoid any damage to tools: the students involved in this assignment were inexperienced in this field, therefore programming errors were likely. A diagram of the part to be manufactured can be found overleaf (figure 2). In order to begin the planning, it was necessary to decide which tools had to be used. The tool list was as follows: Due to the geometry of the part,...

Problems With the Status Quo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Problems With the Status Quo - Essay Example The reason of this is substitution for supplier that dispatches raw materials with poor quality. Though new supplier proposes affordable prices, frequently he makes delays in delivery of materials that affect the terms of producing finished commodity. Moreover, delays in production also occur because of the low qualification and professional skills of the workers, who may show habitual negligence concerning their responsibilities. Nevertheless manufacturing capacities allow to produce bigger number of goods, there is an absence of required level of demand for our products and decrease of workers’ motivation that hampers further expansion of production. In addition, the question about regulations of smoking personnel is still open. Present policy of smokers develops gaps in working time that influences on productivity of labor. On the top of everything, relations in our collective have spoilt drastically. Atmosphere is quite intense and unfriendly, causing intractability and st ress. According to stated problems, it is essential to find solutions a.s.a.p. If you have any ideas, I would be grateful to get your help. Kind regards, Name Dear Friend, With this letter I want to express my gratitude for your sympathy and support. It means a lot for me.

To what extent are women and development approaches counterproductive Essay

To what extent are women and development approaches counterproductive in addressing the problems faced by women in the global south - Essay Example According to Williams (1999), the term â€Å"development† is to be taken in its broadest meaning that encompasses not only the economic sense but also every social activity undertaken by human beings to successfully employ the gifted resources of nature towards their prosperity and well being. It has truly been authenticated in the studies by several authors that women play a dominant role in the development of a family, country, and a nation as a whole. Studies conducted by Hanson and Pratt (1995) and Kobayashi (1994) suggest that women are more industrious and do more untiring jobs than men in both rural and urban areas. In fact their roles and functions are proved to be multidimensional in every walk of life ranging from home, childcare and domestic duties to social, economic and workplace responsibilities. Gringeri (1994) states that women are increasingly setting out to do out-of-home jobs with the need of supporting their economic independency. Despite that, they seem to be dependent on men for their social and economic growth everywhere around the world. As a consequence of devastating and ruining conventional norms against women in several regions of the world most specifically the less developed ones led the thoughtful world to the evolution of several panoptical ideas and approaches relevant to women and their contribution to the economic development of country termed as â€Å"women and development† approaches. Overholt et al. (1984) illustrate that these approaches greatly contributed to project women as an economic resource that could be utilised further towards the growth of economy. The first of these was the all-famous approach called â€Å"women-in-development† that was aroused and advanced in the early 1970s that served the purpose of enlightening the world regarding the role that was and that could be played by women in the economic development of countries around

Critically examine the future of banks as financial intermediaries Essay

Critically examine the future of banks as financial intermediaries - Essay Example 1244-1247). The foregoing is different in money markets where lending or borrowing is on a short-term basis (Scholtens and van Wensveen, 2000, Pp. 1244-1247). Capital markets represent where equity securities and or debt is traded (Osano and Tachibanaki, 2001, P. 4), with money markets representing where short term debt securities as represented by commercial paper, repossessions, treasury bills, banker’s acceptances and negotiable certificates of deposit that have maturities of from 30 days to one year (Lapavitsas, 2003, P. 13). An important distinction that exists in capital markets is that the borrowers tend to represent entities seeking to spend in excess of their present income as represented by those individuals or companies where their present income is in excess of expenditures (Allen and Santomero, 1996, P. 4). Within the capital markets the borrowing and lending functions include the issuance as well as sale of bonds and shares, which is termed as direct financing, a nd intermediated financing which represents dealing using financial intermediaries which represents the bulk of all transactions made (Matthews and Thompson, 2008, Pr. 35-36). The subject matter of this study has broad scale ramifications as evidenced by the most recent financial crisis that has griped the international community. The free wheeling lending of mortgages to high credit risk home owners started a global meltdown that has run for over two years and created unemployment levels as last seen in the Great Depression. This examination will look into the facets of financial intermediation to expose its weak points and recommend international action that is not a new view, it is one that already has be proposed through the Basel II Accords that are mandatory in Europe. Financial intermediation represents a process entailing surplus units, as represented by individuals and or companies whose current income exceeds present expenditures, to what are termed as

Destination Trends And Future Predictions

Destination Trends And Future Predictions Tourism takes place in the environment, which is made up of both human and natural features. The human environment comprises economic, social and cultural factors and processes. The natural environment is made up of plants and animals in their habitat. It is possible to make a distinction between the human environment and the natural environment and this is particularly useful when discussing the impacts of tourism. However, it is important to note that, in a real setting, the human environment and the natural environment are interwoven and human activity is both affected by and has effects on the natural environment. The main tourist destinations and generators of the world in terms of visitor numbers and income generation International travel, prior to the 1960s, was still largely the preserve of a wealthy minority who had the time as well as money to afford long distance sea or air travel. Major changes in the second half of the twentieth century led to the rapid and massive growth of the phenomenon known as modern tourism. For example, these changes contributed to the Pacific Region/South East Asia becoming the fastest growing area for international tourism in the last 30 years. In 1975, South East Asia and the Pacific Region accounted for only 4 percent of international tourist arrivals, but by 1995 the share of world arrivals had increased to almost 15 percent (Pearce, 1995) and by 2006 to 20 percent (WTO, 2007). It should be noted that this change has occurred at a time when tourist numbers were growing globally. Determination of tourism destination trends and future trends Not only have peoples motivations and expectations of holidays changed, but geography plays a major part. Where tourism experiences can be obtained is itself subject to variations in demand and, hence, supply. For instance, in the 1970s it was not sufficient just to get a suntan, but where one got it was vital (Prosser, 1994). In the early 1960s, in Britain getting a suntan in Brighton or Blackpool was sufficient, by the early 1970s to achieve the desired status the tan had to be brought back to Britain from Benidorm and by the 1980s it had to have been obtained in Belize. In Australia, Bondi Beach would have been good enough for most sun-seekers in the 1970s, but, by the 1980s, to really enhance ones status it was necessary to get the tan in Bali! However, the reference to Bali emphasizes the unpredictability of tourism. Visitor numbers and receipts of tourism destinations The increase in the share of international tourist arrivals in the Pacific Region, therefore, indicates a very significant increase in actual tourists between 1975 and 2006. There were approximately 78 million visitor arrivals in the Pacific Region/South East Asia in 1995 (Pearce, 1995). This compares with approximately 100 million in the combined area of North and South America and 305 million in Europe in 1995 (Pearce, 1995). With approximately 55 percent of international arrivals, Europe remained, in the early part of the twenty-first century, the single most important region for international travel arrivals (WTO, 2007). In fact, Europe had five countries in the top ten tourism destinations in 2006. France, Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom and Germany, with France and Spains combined totals accounting for 14 per cent of total international arrivals (WTO, 2007). Demonstration of creative thinking for tourism In the last 15 years or so of the twentieth century, changing attitudes also contributed to a re-evaluation of the nature of the tourist experience. Accompanying the growing realization that tourism takes place in finite geographical space, was the notion that it consumes environmental resources (McKercher, 1993). Increasingly, tourists became concerned about the effects their activities were having on the environment (Fennell, 1999). This led to the growth of what some consider as more environment-friendly forms of tourism, such as ecotourism (Wearing and Neil, 1999). Additionally, some tourists sought experiences that would give them more contact with the population in the destination region and potentially contribute more to the local economy. 2.1. Cultural, social and physical features of tourist destinations It has indicated that although tourism impacts tend to be multi-faceted, it is conventional to subdivide them under the following headings: economic, socio-cultural and environmental. It is also conventional to present tourism impacts as either positive or negative. This assignment has indicated that such categorization depends upon the value position of the observer. As impacts tend to be multi-faceted, often having a combination of economic, social and environmental dimensions, it may be not that straightforward to classify impacts at one particular tourism destination under the heading of either solely positive or negative. It is quite likely that there is a combination of impacts of tourism in relation to a destination and some of these impacts may be viewed as positive, while others are seen as negative. All factors discussed there are important in relation to socio-cultural impacts. Clearly, a key influence is who is involved and the activities engaged in will be significant. O f particular importance, in relation to socio-cultural impacts of tourism, is the nature of both visitors and host populations. 2.2. Comparison of the features of top contrasting tourist destinations In addition to this data, is the projection that jobs in tourism are likely to increase steadily during the early part of this century, unlike jobs in other economic sectors. These macro-level figures, however, hide the unbalanced nature of global tourism. One continent alone, South East Asia, was the single most important tourist destination with over half of all international visitor arrivals in the early part of the twenty-first century and most international arrivals of tourists in Asia were visits from the European countries. 2.3. Comparison and contrast between the features of one developing and one leading tourist destination However, the public sector in many developed countries has what may appear at face value to be contradictory roles. Governments may not only attempt to regulate tourism, but they also have a role in marketing tourism (Mason and Mowforth, 1995; Seaton and Bennett, 1996). Marketing is usually associated with promoting tourism, hence not controlling or regulating it. However, there are examples when marketing is used as a controlling measure. Such an example is that employed by the government agency, English Heritage and the NGO and the National Trust of England. These organizations work together in the marketing and management of two prehistoric sites in England. Stonehenge is the most visited prehistoric stone circle site in the United Kingdom 2.4. Identification of cultural, social and physical features One of the more significant socio-cultural impacts of tourism is referred to as the demonstration effect. This depends on there being visible differences between tourists and hosts. Such a situation arises in many developing countries. In the demonstration effect, it is theorized, that simply observing to action adopted by an agency, such as a government body. Public policy is, therefore, what governments decide to do or not to do (Dye, 1992). However, it is important to note that planning is not just a process conducted by the government. Private sector organizations, (in tourism this would include, for example, tour operators and airlines), prepare careful plans and usually have a number of policies through which they operation these plans. 3.1. Evaluation of the appeal of a current leading tourist destination Some of the more beneficial impacts of tourism on society include the following: the creation of employment; the revitalization of poor or non-industrialized regions; the rebirth of local arts and crafts and traditional cultural activities; the revival of social and cultural life of the local population; the renewal of local architectural traditions; and the promotion of the need to conserve areas of outstanding beauty which have aesthetic and cultural value (Mason, 1995). In developing countries, in particular, tourism can encourage greater social mobility through changes in employment from traditional agriculture to service industries and may result in higher wages and better job prospects. 3.2. The effect of the characteristics of a tourist destination It is clear that the resources for tourism, particularly the natural and semi-natural environmental features, but also man-made components of the environment that have become attractions, are actually finite. This has led to calls to make these resources in particular, but also the field of tourism generally, more sustainable. With reference to specific destinations, a complete halt to tourism development may be considered desirable by some members of the community, and in a number of cases this may be a majority view, but it is unlikely that tourism growth will be stopped. 3.3. Evaluation and justification for the current leading and developing tourist destinations The fact that tourism impacts are multi-faceted contributes to them being difficult to plan for and manage. There are a number of different organizations, groups, and individuals that have an important role to play in tourism planning and management. These key players, in the form of tourists, host community members, industry members, government representatives, and to a lesser extent the media and voluntary organizations, are involved in the day-to-day problems of tourism. In most democratic countries, at least, these individuals, groups, and organizations are in a position to play an active part in tourism planning and management. 4.1. The issues that affect the popularity of tourist destinations The future of tourism in Bali is far from clear after the terrorist bombings at Kuta in October 2002 and the second bombings in almost the same area in October 2005. Bali has become heavily dependent on tourism and what happens after these events may indicate whether the island, in the longer term has become economically over-dependent on tourism. Similar issues to those of Bali in its early stages of tourism development can be found in the Himalayan country, Nepal. As in Bali, tourism was relatively unimportant until the second half of the twentieth century, but more recently has come to be very significant to the economy of Nepal. Nepal, the fourth poorest country in the world, is a landlocked Himalayan kingdom relying on access to imports via India. Throughout the period of European global exploration, dating from about 1400 until as recently as the 1950s, Nepal was almost inaccessible and hence it holds attractions for significant numbers of potential tourists. Tourism began in the early 1960s but took off in the 1970s. 4.2. The potential for responsible tourism to enhance the host community at worldwide tourist destinations International visitors generally demand easy access to facilities, and these need to be of a relatively high standard, particularly toilets and washing facilities. International visitors also demand good signage, clear notice boards, good maps and sufficiently well-serviced campsites. International visitor numbers are likely to increase significantly in the next 10-15 years, while domestic visitors will remain almost constant. Hence the pressure will be to improve and increase facilities for the international visitor, but this is likely to be opposed by domestic visitors. 4.3. Methods to control issues affecting popularity of tourist destination Visitor management has been used by a number of different agencies and organizations, at different scales and in a variety of locations. In some countries, it has become a major tool in an attempting to control visitor flows. In the United Kingdom, for example, a government task force produced a tourism report that had visitor management as a key strategy. This report, maintaining the Balance, from the UK Ministry of Environment/Department of Employment and published in 1991, focused on the relationship between the environment and the visitor and suggested that there are three main ways of managing visitors. These are as follows: controlling the number of visitors either by limiting numbers to match capacity, or spreading the number throughout the year, rather than having them concentrated in time in a focused tourist season; modifying visitor behavior; Adapting the resource in ways to enable it to cope with the volume of visitors, and hence become less damaged. In relation to the first of these three methods, that of controlling the numbers of visitors, the report suggested that the initial task is to determine the carrying capacity. 4.4. Managing and organizing activities to enhance potential for responsible tourism Managing visitors is one of the important ways of managing the impacts of tourism, particularly impacts on the environment, but in addition managing socio-cultural and economic impacts. Visitor management has been viewed in the past 25 years or so as a significant way to attempt to reduce the negative impacts of tourism. Often, this has been through attempts to divert tourists from areas with large volumes of tourists, the so-called honey pots. Another approach has been to minimize the negative impacts at popular site by hardening (e.g. resurfacing paths and footpaths), or by schemes such as park and ride which keep cars out of the immediate environment of a popular attraction. Conclusion: Impacts in terms of visitor numbers were geographically patchy, as Southeast Asia and urban areas appear to have been far less affected during the summer of 2001 than rural areas, and may even have benefited from the restrictions on access to rural areas. The government made reassuring promises that it would not close down the countryside and therefore negatively affect leisure and tourism pursuits.

Learning the Hard Way :: Personal Narratives Climbing Flagstaff Essays

Learning the Hard Way The backcountry of Alaska is one of the wildest places left in this country, an excellent place to study wildlife in it’s natural environment. To a wildlife Biology major with an overwhelming draw to the outdoors, the chance to study this wildlife would seem to be the opportunity of a lifetime. When this opportunity presented itself to me this past summer, I didn’t hesitate to take it. This would be great experience for the career path I am taking and it would give me a chance to work with professionals in the field of my studies. At the time I thought it would be a great opportunity for me to do some soul searching and spend quality time in the backcountry before I married next summer. I was expecting this summer to change me as an individual, allowing me plenty of time to reflect on my life. Never did I expect these changes to occur in the way they did. A life changing event can occur when and where they are least expected. The evening in the backcountry of Denali National Park when I made one small misstep would change my life forever. I would learn how strong love can be and gain a better perspective of what is truly important to me in my life. It was mid June, a beautiful cloudless day in Denali National Park. I was hiking deep in the backcountry, with only the millions of mosquitoes to keep me company. I was on the fifth day of a scheduled six day trip, and I couldn’t have asked for a better week. Denali, the tallest mountain in the northern hemisphere, became visible for the first time of the year and it stayed out for the duration of my trip. Hiking in the trail less backcountry, where the grizzly bears outnumber the people by more than three to one, truly makes a person feel alone. Walking through the alpine tundra, with tiny little flowers acting as a carpet, I encountered twice as many moose as people on this trip. Never had I felt so alone and been so happy about it. Little did I know, that would all change, challenging me to be stronger than I have ever been, both mentally and physically.

Carl Jung’s Theory on Personality

All across America, literacy and early education of children has become the focus of concern for parents, teachers, and policy makers. Education has been positively linked to students’ future success in school, their likelihood to continue education past high school, and their future career opportunities. A strong foundation in reading and linguistics is a key factor in children’s academic development and future opportunities.As a result, a great deal of time, money, and energy has been invested in designing programs that focus on developing children’s knowledge and use of the English language in order to provide them with this necessary educational foundation. However, upon close inspection, it seems as though many of these programs focus on correcting only one or two of the many factors at work in the issue of illiteracy in America’s urban youth. While a variety of reading programs are available in almost every school, there are still a significant numbe r of illiterate and struggling students across the nation. Of particular concern is the school preparation of children from economically disadvantaged homes – children who continue to fare less well in school than more advantaged children† (Stipek 711). 40% of America’s fourth grade students lack basic reading skills, but the illiteracy rate increases to 68% for low-income rural and urban areas (Literacy Rates).Research has shown that children who grow up in poor, urban areas struggle the most with reading for a variety of reasons. Despite significant federal and state investments in compensatory education programs, persistent achievement gaps among students of various ethnic, socioeconomic, and linguistic backgrounds have been difficult to close† (Neuman 92). This shows that resources are available to schools and districts that face issues with low literacy rates, but the problem persists. In a study of gaps in reading achievement by Parkinson and Rowan, s tatistical analysis was done on the test scores of high-, average-, and low-risk students upon entering kindergarten through the end of third grade (Neuman 80).Placing these scores on a statistical normal curve helped determine how much the gap between these groups increased as education progressed, and showed significant evidence that socioeconomic factors impact the education of young children. These test scores were then used for further statistical analysis to determine the amount of additional instruction time it would take at-risk students to reach the same achievement level as average and low-risk students.By calculating the standard deviation of each group’s test scores, Parkinson and Rowan were able to then convert that to months of additional instruction necessary to decrease the gaps in reading achievement. In order to match high-risk students achievement with that of average-risk students, 1. 6 months of extra instruction would be necessary at the beginning of kin dergarten, but by the end of the third grade, the time had increased to 4. 7 months. When comparing high-risk and low-risk students’ achievement, 2. months of instruction were needed at the beginning of kindergarten, whereas the end of third grade required 7. 8 months (Neuman 80). While Parkinson and Rowan acknowledge variations and possible issues with the data they collected and analyzed, these calculations still show the effects of socioeconomic factors on educational achievement. In a similar study by Stipek and Ryan on disadvantaged preschoolers and academic motivation, this education gap is explored as a result of lack of motivation.Surveying and calculating the academic achievement of several classroom groups in preschool and kindergarten proved a similar gap in academic achievement to that found by Parkinson and Rowan. â€Å"The results of this study paint a clear picture of children from relatively low-income homes beginning school at a considerable academic disadva ntage† (Stipek, 720). Through several cognitive assessments of skills including problem solving, reading, and language skills, this study attempted to identify where students of low socioeconomic backgrounds struggled the most.Statistically significant differences were found in each of these assessments for each age group, so to further investigate these results, motivation and gender factors were researched as well. â€Å"In contrast to the findings on cognitive variables, the results revealed almost no motivation deficits for the economically disadvantaged children† (Stipek 721). What little differences were found connected to gender were rare and did not suggest any real pattern of academic achievement. While this study ooked into gender and motivation as factors in academic achievement differences, these proved insignificant to explain the achievement gap between students of varying socioeconomic backgrounds. Rather than continue to focus on individual factors, like gender and motivation, that had been proven to have little significance in explaining the education gap, other researchers have taken up the banner of family involvement and home environment on children’s academic development.According to McLoyd and Purtell, â€Å"contemporary esearchers tend to interpret links between family income and home environment within an investment model (i. e. , the notion that income is associated with children’s development because it enables families to invest in the human capital of their children by purchasing materials, experiences, and services that benefit the child’s development and well-being) rather than within a cultural deficit model† (Neuman 58). Reasoning behind this focus can be found in the history of urban areas and the families that live in them, presented by Shirley Heath.In the article Oral and Literate Traditions Among Black Americans Living in Poverty, Heath explains, â€Å"in the late 1980’s, nea rly half of all Black children lived in poverty, and most of these, especially in urban areas, grew up in households headed by a mother under 25 years of age who was a school dropout† (Heath, 3). She continues to explain how ethnic groups, linguistic differences, and religious or regional factors can make finding trustworthy childcare difficult for single mothers, putting further financial strain on the environment.Financial strain can have a negative effect on the focus put on education in homes with both parents and/or high socioeconomic status. This can also erode family bonds and leave students more vulnerable to the presence of drugs and other negative inner-city influences. By getting involved in drugs, gangs, and other harmful influences, education is forgotten, crippling academic achievement and future opportunities, and prolonging the cycle of poverty in poor urban households.While Heath explains the prevalence of this cycle of poverty through interviews and personal perspectives she collected, Manuel Bueno explains the many and persistent affects it has on early childhood development. â€Å"A shortfall in early childhood development will have irreversible consequences on individuals’ future lifetime opportunities. This will reverberate later in life in the form of lower quality jobs, lower wages, shorter life-spans, worse health and lower cognitive abilities, thus perpetuating an intergenerational cycle of poverty† (Bueno).Unlike many articles regarding early childhood development, Bueno also acknowledges the importance of non-nuclear family structures, emphasizing the importance of involving a child’s primary caretaker rather than the mother or father. Especially in poor urban areas, a household can include members of the extended family just as often as it can exclude a child’s biological parents. Bueno suggests creating early childhood development programs that are both multi-faceted and family inclusive.The most successful of the programs Bueno suggests is referred to as ‘parenting programs’ that work to include parents in children’s education to give them an active and responsible role in their child’s development, and provide reinforcement at home for the things learned in school. The value of these programs is also emphasized by a number of other authors. Charles R. Greenwood is one of the forerunners in the argument for the ecological-interactional-developmental model that investigates the home environment effects on early childhood development.He explains the Hart and Risley Code used to â€Å"measure individual children’s growth in learning to talk as well as the child’s language environment, consisting of parents’, siblings’, and friends’ talk heard by the child in the home and addressed directly to the child† (Neuman 116). By recording audiotapes of conversations and interactions, Greenwood was able to analyze thes e observations using Hart and Risley Code. Similar observations and analyses were made in classroom settings to study student’s responses to instruction.These findings were compared to those found in the home environment, where Greenwood explains some interesting connections. Through the use of Hart and Risley, Greenwood was able to find that children from families of low-socioeconomic status were spoken to less frequently and with fewer words. Children from similar socioeconomic statuses also scored lower on vocabulary tests and struggled with basic academic skills, which crippled their early literacy and school readiness by kindergarten age. By this research, Greenwood was able to conclude that children from low ocio-economic status were less exposed to language and therefore did not learn as much. Further investigation showed that this put a strain on the children’s school readiness, resulting in an education gap similar to that found by Parkinson and Rowan, which g rows as students’ progress in their schooling. Class wide peer tutoring is a program developed and implemented by several researchers, including Greenwood, to investigate whether or not students of lowsocioeconomic status families respond better to one-on-one instruction with a tutor outside of the classroom.For ninety minutes a day, four days per week, students met with a tutor on top of regular instruction to complete lessons in reading, spelling, and math instruction. Results indicated that these lessons â€Å"significantly improved students’ classroom engagement during instruction and reduced socially inappropriate behavior, while accelerating reading, language, and mathematics performance on standardized tests† (Neuman 125). Once the positive impact of this supplemental instruction was established, further research was conducted with peer-assisted learning strategies in which students share the role of teacher in small reading groups.Thirty-five to forty-fi ve minute sessions were conducted daily, in which students were broken up into groups of three to practice reading aloud to each other. Individual points are awarded and group totals are used to determine a ‘winner’ each day. The immediate affects this peer-assisted strategy were significant increases in accuracy, fluency, and comprehension of the material read by students (Neuman 122). After explaining the details of both the one-on-one tutoring and peer-assisted learning strategies, Greenwood discusses their effectiveness as the results showed about 59% of participants exceeded the achievement of non-participants. Students in urban settings, from low-income backgrounds, and of minority status experienced larger gains than students from suburban middle- to high-income backgrounds† (Neuman 126). It was also noted that younger students were affected greater than older students. This study shows that while peer tutoring and one-on-one instruction outside the classro om can improve student achievement, it cannot be used as a panacea for the achievement gap. While Greenwood put his focus on supplemental instruction programs to improve literacy in students from low socioeconomic households, Come andFredericks chose to investigate the involvement of parents in reading programs. They claim that poor families avoiding schools is frequently perceived by educators to be a lack of parental interest in children’s education and, upon investigation of an inner city Georgia school, found that 45% of the children had no one to read to them at home (Come 567). This school had developed several programs designed to help increase the self-esteem of children through parental encouragement and involvement in literacy development.One program designed to include parents in children’s reading was a monthly rewards system. If a student read with a parent for at least fifteen minutes each day for a month, it was marked on a calendar, submitted to the tea cher, and the student was rewarded for his or her accomplishment, boosting confidence and reading proficiency. This program was assisted by a school wide book exchange, in which the students themselves improved access to new reading material. When they brought two books to school, they could exchange one book for a book to keep and the other for a book to donate to their classroom library† (Come 569). Accompanied by a cross-age reading program that paired students in different grades for cooperative reading groups, this book exchange reinforced by parental involvement proved to have significant improvements on children’s reading aptitude in the inner city Georgia school. These programs proved to be useful in the development of student’s reading ability and confidence, as well as the involvement of parents in their children’s education.However, inner-city schools are frequently a melting pot of ethnicities and languages, which can put more strain on childre n’s education if schools do not include language development in reading programs. In a study done by William Louden, a project called Literacy in its Place was investigated to compare literacy programs in rural and urban schools. Initial research â€Å"suggested that the reported difference in urban and rural scores could be explained by differences in social class distribution between the country and the city† (Louden 1).When these factors were taken into account, surprisingly little significance was found. Instead, it was found that children from working class homes, specifically homes in which English is a second language or dialect, were more academically disadvantaged than other students. Louden focuses the rest of his research on professional development for teachers to better assist multilingual students and their parents become actively involved in mastering the English language and developing reading skills. While this supports the consensus of the previously discussed authors that hildren from low-income homes struggle more with school, it introduces language development as a new focus for further research. Mahiri and Sablo introduce research into language as a factor in academic achievement and literacy by investigating the voluntary writing of African American students in a California high school. â€Å"This study was initiated because, in our overall quest to look at ways that African American and youth culture could be used as a bridge to writing development, we wanted to learn more about the kinds of writing these students do for their own purposes outside of school† (Mahiri 165).In this case, writing is seen as an outlet through which students are free to express themselves in whatever vernacular they are most comfortable with, without conforming to school standards or expectations. By investigating students’ use of language in out-of-school settings, Mahiri and Sablo hoped to better link what schools view as importa nt and meaningful in lessons, and what students find meaningful in their daily lives.In this study, it was found that minority students were predominantly in basic and academic classes, as opposed to honors or advanced placement, and performing well below the average scores on standardized tests. Statistics provided by the school, which remained unnamed, showed a 44% failure rate for African American students that began as freshman there. Through an analysis of several pieces of literature written by the students included in the research, and the methods for instruction used by their teachers, little connection was found to suggest culturally relevant topics were being included in instruction.Students were applying information obtained at school to improve their skills and express themselves, but instructors made little effort to do the same. The teachers included in the study recognized that urban culture and schools were changing and that these changes would require them to adjust as well, but were having trouble doing so. Mahiri and Sablo also recognize that including culturally relevant material in school instruction and literacy activities would not solve the problems students faced with literacy development.However, their research suggests that it may help with the development of language and reading skills by giving students something that they can relate to and understand based on their own interests. Ernest Morrell addresses this in the article, Toward a Critical Pedagogy of Popular Culture: Literacy Development among Urban Youth. Ernest Morrell, a former teacher in urban schools, claims that low academic achievement is not the result of a lack of interest, intelligence, or other personal factors in urban students.Instead, he suggests that the issue lies with a lack of access to curriculum and resources. Working from the correlation Mahiri found with urban youth literacy practices and the types of practices emphasized by schools, Morrell suggests that â€Å"any investigation of popular culture must emanate from and serve the interests of members of marginalized groups†¦where students and teachers learn from and with one another while engaging in authentic dialogue that is centered on the experiences of urban youth as participants in and creators of popular culture† (Morrell 2).As an example, he explains programs he designed and used in his own classroom, where hip-hop culture, popular film, and the media were incorporated into each unit. When beginning a unit on English poetry, Morrell introduced the importance of learning the context in which poetry was written to obtain a better understanding of the literature. The same idea was applied to hip-hop and rap music that students in the class were familiar with.For the final project, students were given rap songs to choose from and interpret based on contextual concepts and interpretations that apply to English poetry. As a result, students were inspired to create their own rap/poetry, and were able to better engage with the material because it was tied to larger social issues they could relate to. A similar idea was used in units on popular film and current media. Several movies related to books and assigned reading material were watched in class while students took notes comparing characters, writing styles, and story structure.News segments were also watched to help students analyze portrayals of stories in the media, conduct interviews, and complete a research project on a current topic in the news. Based on his observations of the students in his classroom, Morrell found that â€Å"critical teachers and teacher educators can use classroom-based research to prove that there are ways to meet the challenges the new century offers and turn them into opportunities to connect to the worlds of students, to promote academic achievement, and to prepare students for critical citizen ship in a multicultural democracy† (Morrell 4).Through an inves tigation of current studies being done on reading programs and language development in urban schools, it is easy to see what students struggle with and why. Students from urban neighborhoods tend to be poor working families where English may not be the primary language. Some researchers have interpreted the struggles of these students as a lack of involvement from parents and programs have been designed to better include them in their child’s education. While these have proven to be somewhat successful, they do not solve any issues beyond increasing parental involvement.Other less successful programs have been designed to increase students’ access to school resources, thinking that increased access will increase reading comprehension and proficiency. While this also proved somewhat successful, it can only be applied to schools where budget issues do not limit those resources. Family structure, student motivation, and gender have also been investigated as possible facto rs in the literacy of urban youth, but proved to have an insignificant effect.The most successful research and program development has been a result of combined individually researched ideas. Developing programs that incorporate popular culture has proven to engage students better than regular classroom material and often on more a personal level. Peer tutoring and other cooperative learning programs have proven to be somewhat successful because they allow students to encourage each other in their responsibilities, but this can by further increased by the inclusion of popular culture in the material.These ideas, in addition to increasing parental involvement and increasing students’ access to resources, have had the most significant impact on education and literacy development. It is the incorporation of urban culture into education that further research should be conducted on. By understanding what is important and relevant to students and including that in their education, a platform can be created from which literacy and language skills can be developed.