Smoking Prohibited With Minors In Vehicles Essays - Smoking

Smoking Prohibited With Minors In Vehicles Shaw 2 Smoking Prohibited with Minors in Vehicles Kids don't have a decision whether a grown-up smokes while driving a vehicle. As indicated by Chest magazine, 4.8 million American youngsters have been determined to have asthma. The Centers for Disease Control in Atlanta report that in 1993, 159,000 kids younger than fifteen were hospitalized for intense asthma, and 5,300 individuals kicked the bucket. The American Lung Association expresses that the yearly medicinal services cost for asthma is 12.6 billion dollars. ?The estimation of diminished efficiency because of loss of school days spoke to the biggest single roundabout cost identified with asthma, drawing closer $1 billion.? The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease expresses that, ?More than 10 million school days are missed every year because of asthma.? ?Every year in America, there are around 10.4 million doctor office visits for the treatment of asthma. Around 33% of those visits are for patients younger than 18,? as detailed in the New England Journal of M edicine. This law would be approved by the United States Constitution, Article 1, Section 8, Clause 3To manage Commerce with outside Nations, and among the few States, and with the Indian Tribes.? This Commerce Clause would relate to those people going in vehicles. Included approval is found in Article 1, Section 8, Clause 18. The important and legitimate proviso would take into account the clever thought of managing singular propensities inside exclusive vehicles. In American Government and Politics Shaw 3 Today, this statement ?has permitted Congress to adjust the administration to changing needs and times?. Authorization of this law would be designated to each state. Each state's Department of Transportation, Highway/State Patrol would likewise then implement this law. Neighborhood law/County Sheriff workplaces would give their help in like manner. As expressed in the Children's Asthma Relief Act of 1999, ?Asthma is regularly an incessant ailment that is treatable with wandering consideration, yet more than 43 percent of its monetary effect originates from utilization of crisis rooms, hospitalization, and passing. Kids matured 0 to 5 years who are presented to maternal smoking are multiple times bound to create asthma contrasted and those liberated from presentation.? Kids don't get the chance to pick with whom they ride, nor what the driver of the vehicle does. There have been a few open developments to expose the situation of youngster disregard and misuse. There has been no development to advise the American open about a youngster's entitlement to inhale outside air in a vehicle. Smoking in a vehicle can be considered as destructive as blowing smoke straightforwardly into a youngster's face in a little room. As a parent of a youngster with asthma, I feel that more guardians ought to think about their kid's wellbeing and prosperity. As a smoker, I likewise understand that numerous guardians may not understand the measure of damage they are perpetrating upon their kid. Smoking close to kids, or even in a similar room, ought to be considered as injurious as permitting a minor to devour liquor. The option to smoke, hurtful as it might be, is still just an individual right. The demonstration of dirtying a youngster's lungs is certifiably not a right , and ought to be viewed as a wrongdoing. Shaw 4 There are as of now no laws controlling smoking in exclusive vehicles. There are laws that boycott smoking in government structures, work environments, and open eateries. Kids would profit enormously by having the option to inhale clean air inside the limits of a vehicle. Guardians would profit with conceivably lower wellbeing costs, as would their medical coverage organizations. Business and industry would profit by diminishing the efficiency misfortune because of medical issues. The translation of the Commerce Clause would be influenced by the guideline of the act of smoking in an exclusive vehicle. Catalog none Political Theory

Short Term and Long Term Financing

Momentary Finance What is Short Term Financing? Transient financing is fundamentally alludes to extra cash for a business which requires for maintaining its business for short terms which is typically a time of one year. There are a few wellsprings of momentary fund which are as following:- Overdraft bank essentially implies an office that the bank gives to its clients where the client is offered consent to attract cash from the banks overflow of their parity in their beneficiary bank accounts.When taking overdraft from the bank, the record must be zero to get additional items expansion of cash and the financing cost will be high and we need to take care of the bank in a brief timeframe. Exchange Credit Trade credit alludes to purchasing items and servicers of a business which needs over the span of its business using a credit card, contingent upon the exchange rehearses common in a specific industry, the nature of the business connection between the provider and the organization may give an alternate timeframe to pay the items and administrations they purchase from various suppliers.Exactly as organizations get their credit from their providers, they should likewise offer credit to their clients. The clients are offered 50 to 60 days to cover up the tabs. Following 60 days, intrigue will be applied on the clients. On the off chance that the clients can't pay, the will be requested portion plan. Bank Loans Bank Loan implies credits which are given to banks which need to reimbursed their portion over a fixed timeframe which might be short or long haul period. Despite the fact that it is called bank credits, these advances can be push ahead by banks or other money related institution.Usually advances like this are commonly given for a specific explanation, for example, acquisition of capital hardware. Points of interest/Disadvantages of Short Term Finance Short term financing is a technique to raise subsidizes which includes money related duty that is should have been reimbursed inside a year or less. Transient financing is adaptable and a quick path for organizations to get working capital for their every day tasks. The principle inconvenience is that an organization might be excessively reliant on momentary assets and threatened to high financial charges and intrigue rate.This will may influence the net revenues. Speed Short-term credits can be accomplished a lot of quick and simpler contrasted with long haul financing. Moneylenders won't make through an assessment of the company’s represent momentary loaning contrasted with the case they accomplish for long haul credits. Medium size organizations don't have enormous measure of money and are powerless against unexpected monetary stuns, for example, non-installment by a key indebted person. Adaptability Small organizations normally have occasional varieties in the money and need access to capital over that period.Overdraft security is one of the type of transient fund where the bank consents to pay the company’s money withdrawals, checks, and electronic charges to a specific breaking point. The loan specialist will charge an expense for this office on any equalization extraordinary. The expense of momentary fund might be lesser contrasted with the drawn out money where the expense might be higher. Downside to this kind of transient money adaptability is that the bank can pull back the overdraft insurance in a short notification. Hazard Market conditions, for example, retreat, may cost the independent companies into getting an enormous sum on a present moment basis.Short term fund can be a hazard factor for the borrower A transient credit can be recharged by the loan specialist on a specific terms than the first agreement. This doesn't just purpose the organizations to confront a significant expense of capital, it will be unable to support the measure of obligation gathered. This will place the organization in a frail position where it could make the org anization be bankrupt. The executives Lenders who broaden their transient financing doesn't include themselves in the business choices about capital investment.Long-term account is partner by the quantity of arrangements, for example, tops on the compensations of the organizations principals or cutoff points on other monetary courses of action, which will confine the business activities. Long haul Finance What is long haul money? Long haul fund is fundamentally holding an advantage for an extensive stretch of time. Giving the kind of security and a drawn out resource can be hold as short as 1 year or up to 25 years or more. Long haul account likewise implies subsidizing which are gotten for a time allotment surpassing the length of one year.When business acquires cash from a bank utilizing long haul money strategies, it will anticipate that the advance should be taken care of over one year. Model, making installments on a multi year contract. Long - term account are as a rule for ex tension of new markets, acquisition of advantages, for example, apparatus, land and structures and business development through the securing of different organizations or properties. Its kinds of long haul account are as following :- Venture capital Venture capital is turning into an inexorably significant wellspring of money for developing companies.Venture entrepreneurs are commonly exceptionally rich gatherings of organizations or people which explicitly set up for interest in creating organizations. Financial speculators are as a rule watching out for organizations with have potential. They are prepared to offer cash to assist organizations with growing, consequently the investor get some responsibility for organization just as offer in the benefits made. Financial speculators typically are set up to take ventures which have a high hazard and which a few banks probably won't wan to get include in.The favorable position of this may be heavier on the grounds that the chance of the organizations losing a portion of their freedom in settling on a choice. Case of financial speculators who are likewise called as private value firms are Hermes Private Equity Debentures If an organization needs to acquire a major measure of cash for a long however fixed timeframe, it can get from the overall population by giving advance declarations called Debentures. The aggregate sum acquired is separated into units of fixed sum. These are debentures are generally offered to people in general to buy in a similar way as it is done on account of shares.A debenture is given under a seal of the organization. It is composed for affirmation of cash acquired. It additionally determines the terms the terms and conditions, for example, security offered, pace of intrigue and time reimbursement. There hardly any sorts of debentures which are as following :- 1. Redeemable debentures and irredeemable debentures Redeemable debentures These are debentures which are repayable on a pre-organized date or whenever depending to their development gave the organization wish and gives a notification with that impact. Irredeemable DebenturesThese irredeemable debentures are additionally called unending debentures. An organization isn't limited to reimburse the sum during the timeframe given. In the event that the giving organization neglects to pay the intrigue, it needs to recover such debentures 2. Convertible Debentures and Non-convertible Debentures Convertible Debentures The holders of these convertible debentures are given the choices to change over their convertible debentures into value offers and proportions as chose by the organization. Non-Convertible Debentures These non-convertible debentures can't be changed over into sharesMortgage Mortgage is an advance explicitly for the acquisition of a property. Generally organizations don't accepting property through a home loan. Home loans are normally utilized as a security for an advance. This will in general occur with lit tler organizations. Model, A sole dealer running a flower specialist shop should move to a bigger reason. They will discover a shop with a cost of $100,000. To give this kind of cash, the bank will need to have a type of security as an assurance that if the borrower can't take care of the cash to the bank, the bank will have the option to get back their money.The borrower can utilize their own property as a security for the advance, it is gotten taking out a subsequent home loan. On the off chance that the business can't repay the bank the advance then the bank has the privilege to take the house and offer it to recoup their cash. Utilizing contract along these lines is a decent method of rising fund for private ventures yet it likewise conveys a major hazard. Points of interest/Disadvantages of Long-term fund Stability If we have a drawn out financing, that implies we have a security and no compelling reason to look for financing frequently contrasted with present moment financing. This additionally implies that it will be simpler to extend our incomes and profit as we will know our costs each month. Momentary financing doesn't offer these points of interest, since we need to continually renegotiate the conditions of our understanding. Cost of Capital Having a drawn out financing gives us a superior thought of the drawn out expense of capital. By along these lines we will have a superior comprehension on which tasks merit seeking after or not. In the event that we don’t have long haul financing set up, our expense of capital may change all our arrangement of our terms.This will lead us to more disarray in making sense of what sort of productivity we are searching for in a venture. Contrasts between present moment and long haul fund Duration Most of the momentary financing happen over brief time of one year, despite the fact that a portion of the sources can last as long as three years or more. Anyway long haul financing resembles home loan which for the most part have a more drawn out timeframe as long as 30 years. Premium Short-term financing is reimbursed over a brief timeframe, the premium expense to get the cash will be smaller.However, long haul sources, for example, Bank credits which have high loan cost because of the measure of time taken to reimburse the capital. Types Short-term and long haul wellsprings of financing vary in instrument type. Case of momentary sources incorporates leases, transient business advances, creditor liability and bank overdraft inclusion. Anyway case of long haul sources incorporates held profit, fund leases, investments and friends shares Which one is increasingly desirable over pick present moment or long haul finance?Conclusion, it would be by and large be smarter to pick

Managing Conflict in Relationships Communication Tips

Managing Conflict in Relationships Communication Tips Relationships Spouses & Partners Print How to Improve Your Relationships With Effective Communication Skills By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on June 04, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on January 23, 2020 ONOKY - Eric Audras / Getty Images More in Relationships Spouses & Partners Marital Problems LGBTQ Violence and Abuse Conflict in a relationship is virtually inevitable. In itself, conflict isn’t a problem; how it’s handled, however, can bring people together or tear them apart. Poor communication skills, disagreements, and misunderstandings can be a source of anger and distance  or a springboard to a stronger relationship and a happier future. Tips for Effective Communication Next time you’re dealing with conflict, keep these tips on effective communication skills in mind and you can create a more positive outcome.  Heres how. Stay Focused Sometimes it’s tempting to bring up past seemingly related conflicts when dealing with current ones. It feels relevant to address everything thats bothering you at once and get it all talked about while youre already dealing with one conflict. Unfortunately, this often clouds the issue and makes finding mutual understanding and a solution to the current issue less likely, and makes the whole discussion more taxing and even confusing. Try not to bring up past hurts or other topics. Stay focused on the present, your feelings, understanding one another and finding a solution. Practicing mindfulness meditation can help you to learn to be more present in all areas of your life. Listen Carefully People often think they’re listening, but are really thinking about what they’re going to say next when the other person stops talking. Try to notice if you do that the next time youre in a discussion. Truly effective communication goes both ways. While it might be difficult, try really listening to what your partner is saying. Don’t interrupt. Don’t get defensive. Just hear them and reflect back what they’re saying so they know you’ve heard. Then you’ll understand them better and they’ll be more willing to listen to you. Try to See Their Point of View In a conflict, most of us primarily want to feel heard and understood. We talk a lot about our point of view to get the other person to see things our way. This is understandable, but too much of a focus on our own desire to be understood above all else can backfire. Ironically, if we all do this all the time, there’s little focus on the other person’s point of view, and nobody feels understood. Try to really see the other side, and then you can better explain yours. (If you dont get it, ask more questions until you do.) Others will more likely be willing to listen if they feel heard. Respond to Criticism With Empathy When someone comes at you with criticism, it’s easy to feel that they’re wrong  and get defensive. While criticism is hard to hear and often exaggerated or colored by the other person’s emotions, it’s important to listen to the other person’s pain and respond with empathy for their feelings. Also, look for what’s true in what they’re saying; that can be valuable information for you. Own What’s Yours Realize that personal responsibility is a strength, not a weakness. Effective communication involves admitting when you’re wrong. If you both share some responsibility in a conflict (which is usually the case), look for and admit to what’s yours. It diffuses the situation, sets a good example, and shows maturity. It also often inspires the other person to respond in kind, leading you both closer to mutual understanding and a solution. Use “I” Messages Rather than saying things like, “You really messed up here,” begin statements with “I”, and make them about yourself and your feelings, like, “I feel frustrated when this happens.” It’s less accusatory, sparks less defensiveness, and helps the other person understand your point of view rather than feeling attacked. Look for Compromise Instead of trying to win the argument, look for solutions that meet everybody’s needs. Either through compromise  or a new creative solution that gives you both what you want most, this focus is much more effective than one person getting what they want at the other’s expense. Healthy communication involves finding a resolution that both sides can be happy with. Take a Time-Out Sometimes tempers get heated and it’s just too difficult to continue a discussion without it becoming an argument or a fight. If you feel yourself or your partner starting to get too angry to be constructive, or showing some destructive communication patterns, it’s okay to take a break from the discussion until you both cool off. This can mean taking a walk and cooling off to return to the conversation in half an hour, sleeping on it so you can process what youre feeling a little more, or whatever feels like the best fit for the two of you, as long as you do return to the conversation. Sometimes good communication means knowing when to take a break. Keep at It While taking a break from the discussion is sometimes a good idea, always come back to it. If you both approach the situation with a constructive attitude, mutual respect, and a willingness to see the other’s point of view or at least find a solution, you can make progress toward the goal of a resolution to the conflict. Unless it’s time to give up on the relationship, don’t give up on communication. Ask For Help If You Need It If one or both of you has trouble staying respectful during conflict  or if you’ve tried resolving conflict with your partner on your own and the situation just doesn’t seem to be improving, you might benefit from a few sessions with a therapist. Couples counseling or family therapy can provide help with altercations and teach skills to resolve future conflict. If your partner doesn’t want to go, you can still often benefit from going alone. Bonus Communication Tips Remember that the goal of effective communication skills should be mutual understanding and finding a solution that pleases both parties, not ‘winning’ the argument or ‘being right’.This doesn’t work in every situation, but sometimes (if you’re having a conflict in a romantic relationship) it helps to hold hands or stay physically connected as you talk. This can remind you that you still care about each other and generally support one another.Keep in mind that it’s important to remain respectful of the other person, even if you don’t like their actions.Heres a list of common unhealthy ways to handle conflict. Do you do some of these? If so, your poor communication skills could be causing additional stress in your life.Think youve got this under control? Take our assertiveness quiz and find out.You can also use apps like Happy Couple to improve your relationship.

Reanalyze the Relationship of the West and Islamic...

Samuel P. Huntington thesis has been in center of debates for many years. Moreover, his prediction that main conflicts in near future is between the West (the United States and allies) versus Islamic Civilization has triggered controversy among International Relations scholars. This paper tries to analyze three main supportive arguments from Huntington thesis in the West v. Islam conflict. Democracy System v. Islamic Laws Samuel P. Huntington stated that Muslims unable to accept democracy because of the nature of Islamic law and this situation potentially lead to the virulent clash between the West and Islamic countries. He argued that Islam is the exclusive religion which is not flexible to adopt another political idea. This situation is†¦show more content†¦For comparison, the West accepts blasphemy as one of the manifestation of freedom of speech while Muslim rejects it. Democracy is the system with multi-interpretations. How the U.S. interprets democracy will be different from the rest of the world interpretation. The basic idea of democracy is government which is ruled by the people. Yet, the implementation of democracy is different in each country; it depends on historical and cultural factors in the country. Pakistan, Egypt and Indonesia are Muslim dominated countries that prove their ability to maintain democratic system sustainably. Based on this fact , it is my hypothesis that Islam country fit with democratic system as long their Islamic values still be respected by the West. In the future, the intensive conflict between the West and Islamic countries is avoidable if both parties maintain relationship with a deep mutual understanding. The Resurgence of Islam In his hypothesis towards the rise of Islam, Huntington stated that Arabs in the Middle East passion in defending Islam arise when Saddam Hussein had attacked Israel, the country which is considered as the West’s agent in the Middle East. He urged that this incident has triggered Arabs initiative to unite and build Islamic civilization triumph. Previously, Muslim empire lasted for nearly 1,000 years and at that time Muslims gain

Drug Testing During The Vietnam War - 2271 Words

Drug testing through urinalysis was first used on military personnel coming home from the Vietnam War and on people receiving treatment for drug abuse issues. Since then, drug testing has been done on a wide array of populations, including criminals, parents, children, pregnant women, and employees. â€Å"Drug testing is most prevalent in the United States, where drug enforcement and punishment are primary strategies to address drug use in society† (Macdonald et al., 2001) Policymakers have increasingly blamed key problems of the welfare system, like welfare dependency and the reduced likelihood of getting jobs among recipients, to alcohol and drug addiction. The outcome has been a swarm of new federal, state, and local policies aimed at moving substance abusers off of welfare and towards independence. Schmidt, Weisner, and Wiley (1998) note that in 1997 congress eliminated Supplemental Security Income (SSI) for people with a primary diagnosis of drug addiction. The purpose was to encourage substance abusers to take responsibility for their illegal drug use. Another objective of the federal benefit termination was to address a public perception that â€Å"providing federal disability benefits to drug addicts only enabled their illegal drug use† (Schmidt et al., 1998). â€Å"In 2011, three dozen states considered bills that require applicants to pass a drug test before they qualify for income assistance through the Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program (TANF)† (Schmidt et al.,Show MoreRelatedSubstance Abuse At The Pennsylvania National Guard888 Words   |  4 Pagesindividuals need help before things could potentially become fatal. In the article, Greenagel discusses how one of the major addictions in the military are prescription drugs and how he helps soldiers through the recovery process. 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Many risk factors that play a role in the Veterans homeless society is lack of support, isolation after discharge, and low housing availability. Many Vietnam veterans experience homelessness, the Housing and Urban Development reportedRead MoreA Brief Note On Fight Drug Resistant Malaria1482 Words   |  6 Pages Dr Tu Youyou 2015 Nobel Prize recipient for finding a drug to fight drug-resistant malaria Chinese Pharmacologist, Dr. Tu Youyou (pronounced Too Yoyo) is the first female Chinese citizen to win a Nobel, and the first Chinese citizen to win a Nobel in Medicine (Wsjcom,2015). Having been born, raised and carried out her work in China, she is the first Citizen of The Peoples Republic of China to win a Nobel in Science, despite not having a PhD. (there was no post graduate education until 1979 inRead MorePost Traumatic Stress Disorder ( Ptsd )1560 Words   |  7 Pagesoccurred. When man is placed in a position that is not natural, it can be difficult on a human’s mind to process events and deal with the effects on long term health of a person’s psychological. War is defined as conflict between two different groups of individuals. There are many reasons for why wars and other conflicts happen, but the warfighter has the greatest psychological burden placed on them. Over time understanding and acceptance on dealing with Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) hasR ead MoreAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1136 Words   |  5 Pagesis not the most accurate testing, just because some medicine and cosmetic product pass an animal test it doesn’t mean it has a beneficial effect on humans. Animal tests have evolved in many ways throughout history in negative and positive ways. A strong negative being that we are different from animals but not just animals we are also different from each other. There are many arguments that we humans wouldn’t be where we are today if it wasn’t for reliance on animal testing. However, because of allRead MorePositive Influence of Hippies on Canadian Society in the 1960s.1330 Words   |  6 PagesHippies on Canadian society in the 1960s. Natasha Kelbas, Ms. Van Hatten December 17th 2009 CHC2D1-05 Hippies are the real activists of freedom who love each other in a positive way. The word hippies generally invoke sterotypes that involves drugs, sex and bare feet. Though it is true that many hippies did practice these sterotypes, they were people who fought for rights and freedom without violence. They gave up the traditional morals and values to promote new values that were about freedom

Political Compromise Free Essays

The political compromise during the period of 1820 to 1860 was unable to reduce sectional tension during this time period. According to Tom Meltzer and Jean H. Bennett, in their book Cracking the Ap U. We will write a custom essay sample on Political Compromise or any similar topic only for you Order Now s. History Exam, â€Å"The new period of expansion resulted in a national debate over slavery, as would every period of expansion to follow until the Civil War resolved the slavery question. † The Missouri Compromise, the Compromise of 1850, and†¦ were just a quick fix for the inevitable to come, the civil war. The political compromises of this time period were not able to meet their final goal, primarily because of misunderstandings The Missouri compromise, which admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, helped balance the U. S. Senate. The compromise was one of the first measures anticipating the Civil War, It was helpful for a small period of time before more states were created and tipped off the balance. The Missouri compromise wasn’t effective in reducing sectional tension, because it was only effective for a small period of time before sectional struggle began over the new territories that were being settled. Another example of a quick fix to reduce sectional tension is the Compromise of 1850. California created a state constitution that prohibited slavery, which of course caused the South to oppose bid for statehood. The Compromise of 1850 admitted California as a free state, enacted a fugitive slave law, and created the territories of Utah and New Mexico, it also let them decide if they wanted to be a free or slave state. How to cite Political Compromise, Essay examples

The Hundred Years War Essays - House Of Capet, House Of Plantagenet

The Hundred Years' War The Hundred Years' War was a war between England and France in which France defended its' crown against British rule. This war had many effects on the people of each country. The origin of the war goes back to the conquest of William for England. In 1066 William, the Duke of Normandy, led an army into England. He won this battle and became the king of England. This was possible under feudalism. Feudalism is a form of social classification in which the members of an upper class are granted fifes, or pieces of land, by higher ranking noblemen return for their military service. The vassal, the person receiving the land, had to go through ceremony in which they would say that they would be faithful to their overlord and fight for them if needed. In return the overlord would protect the vassal (Lace 12). Many years later Isabella, the wife of King Edward II of England, plotted to kill Edward II making her son Edward III king (Lace 12). Because Edward III was very young she would be able to rule the country through him. Edward II sent his son and Isabella to pay homage to Charles IV in 1325 for French land that Edward II owned. Isabella took her lover, Roger de Mortimer, with them and while there they began to make their plans. After homage is paid to Charles IV the three went to Hainault. While there Isabella and Mortimer convinced the Count of Hainault, William, to help them overthrow the king. In 1327, with the help of William's troops, Isabella and Mortimer successfully overthrew Edward II and made Edward III king. During their overthrow, King Charles IV of France, Isabella's brother, died. When he died he had no children to leave the throne to, but his wife Jeanne was pregnant. When she gave birth though she had a stillborn daughter. This enabled Charles' cousin, Philip of Valois, king. Some of the people objected. Some thought that since Isabella was his sister she was closer to the throne than Philip and that she should be queen. Others thought that since Edward was his nephew he should be king, but the majority of the French were against Edward becoming their king (14). Philip was favored for many reasons: He was older: Philip was 35 and Edward was 15, Edward was under the control of his mother and Mortimer; Edward was a well known warrior, and Edward was considered a foreigner (14). Edward then decided that he was tired of being controlled. On October 19, 1330, Edward gathered a small army together and burst into Isabella and Mortimer's bedroom. He seized Mortimer and hung him the next morning. He left Mortimer's body hanging for 2 days and nights. Isabella was treated more carefully. She was imprisoned and confined to several castles for life (16). In 1337 Edward III would return to France to claim what he felt what was rightfully his. (Time Life 17). On October 19, 1337, Edward III drafted a document to Philip of Valois that said that Edward was the rightful king of France and that Edward would no longer pay homage to Philip of the French lands that he owned. This letter was given to him by Henry Burghersh, the bishop of England. Philip just sat back and smiled and prepared for war (Time Life 17). Edward drafted this document because he disagreed with the way that Philip was ruling the land that he owned. There were dukes and lords appointed by Philip to rule over the lands of Edward III. Edward wanted to rule them himself. The two tried to work out their differences, but failed. This situation was made more awkward because of other economic problems between the 2 countries. England and France depended on each other. France was England's main supplier of salt and France depended on England for wool. English also held the port at Bordeaux in France enabling them to control transportation along the English Channel. Philip of Valois wanted to control the sea traffic so he began to form links with Scotland, England's hostile neighbor. England and Scotland were not on good terms with one another and had been fighting since the 1290's (19). In 1314 the English, under Edward II lost to the Scottish at Bannockburn. Edward III made a treaty with the Scottish in 1328 but intervened in 1329 when their leader Robert Bruce, died. The English then deposed David II, Bruce's son and the new king. To help

Free Essays on Taoism

Taoism is one of the two great philosophical and religious traditions that originated in China. The other religion native to China is Confucianism. Both Taoism and Confucianism began at about the same time, around the sixth century B.C.E. China's third great religion, Buddhism, came to China from India around the second century of the common era. Together, these three faiths have shaped Chinese life and thought for nearly twenty-five hundred years (Hartz 3). One dominate concept in Taoism and Buddhism is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end when one dies is an integral part of these religions and the culture of the Chinese people. Reincarnation, life after death, beliefs are not standardized. Each religion has a different way of applying this concept to its beliefs. This paper will describe the reincarnation concepts as they apply to Taoism and Buddhism, and then provide a comparison of the two. Taoism The goal in Taoism is to achieve tao, to find the way. Tao is the ultimate reality, a presence that existed before the universe was formed and which continues to guide the world and everything in it. Tao is sometimes identified as the Mother, or the source of all things. That source is not a god or a supreme being, as Taoism is not monotheistic. The focus is not to worship one god, but instead on coming into harmony with tao (Hartz, 8). Tao is the essence of everything that is right, and complications exist only because people choose to complicate their own lives. Desire, ambition, fame, and selfishness are seen as 1 hindrances to a harmonious life. It is only when a person rids himself of all desires can tao be achieved. By shunning every earthly distraction, the Taoist is able to concentrate on life itself. The longer the person's life, the more saintly the person is presumed to have be... Free Essays on Taoism Free Essays on Taoism taoism By: Gemma Taoism Taoism originated in China during the 300 ¡Ã‚ ¯s BC. It has been part of the Chinese culture for 2,000 years. It was during the same time period as Confucianism, but had opposite ideas and morals, yet it was equally as important as Confucianism in Chinese history. Taoism began as a reaction to  ¡Ã‚ °historical situations ¡Ã‚ ±(c1), and became a philosophy of the natural way. The word Tao actually means  ¡Ã‚ °road ¡Ã‚ ± or  ¡Ã‚ °way. ¡Ã‚ ± Taoism has had a large impact on art and literature, and had been greatly influenced by Chinese folk religion. Folk religion says that most gods were actually just people who displayed heroic qualities. The priests conducted public rituals. Many Taoists seek careers in astronomy, herbal remedies, and alchemy, among other fields. Tao represents what makes everything what it is, reality as a whole (all the ways). It provides spiritual inspiration, and moral standards. It supplies strength and refuge. Taoism is  ¡Ã‚ °not a thing, but a creative process ¡Ã‚ ±(b1). The ways tell you to live your life, but not to interfere with nature. A fish needs to swim; a tree needs to grow. The Tao focuses on independence and tranquility. Taoism is equally as important as Confucianism in Chinese history. Confucianism and Taoism began during the same time period, but had different views, even from the beginning. Confucianism says that you can only live a good life in a well disciplined and structured society, and Taoism says you should live your life however you want, as long as you stay close to nature. Taoism is a philosophy of the natural way. It is a practical way of life. Taoists look down upon war, taxes, punishment, and your typical set of morals. They look up to happiness, contentment, control, and giving in when you believe is necessary. They also stress simplicity. Profit, cleverness, desire, and selfishness shall be left behind. The  ¡Ã‚ °three treasures ¡Ã‚ ±(c4) are said to be  ¡Ã‚ °deep love, frugalit ... Free Essays on Taoism Taoism is one of the two great philosophical and religious traditions that originated in China. The other religion native to China is Confucianism. Both Taoism and Confucianism began at about the same time, around the sixth century B.C.E. China's third great religion, Buddhism, came to China from India around the second century of the common era. Together, these three faiths have shaped Chinese life and thought for nearly twenty-five hundred years (Hartz 3). One dominate concept in Taoism and Buddhism is the belief in some form of reincarnation. The idea that life does not end when one dies is an integral part of these religions and the culture of the Chinese people. Reincarnation, life after death, beliefs are not standardized. Each religion has a different way of applying this concept to its beliefs. This paper will describe the reincarnation concepts as they apply to Taoism and Buddhism, and then provide a comparison of the two. Taoism The goal in Taoism is to achieve tao, to find the way. Tao is the ultimate reality, a presence that existed before the universe was formed and which continues to guide the world and everything in it. Tao is sometimes identified as the Mother, or the source of all things. That source is not a god or a supreme being, as Taoism is not monotheistic. The focus is not to worship one god, but instead on coming into harmony with tao (Hartz, 8). Tao is the essence of everything that is right, and complications exist only because people choose to complicate their own lives. Desire, ambition, fame, and selfishness are seen as 1 hindrances to a harmonious life. It is only when a person rids himself of all desires can tao be achieved. By shunning every earthly distraction, the Taoist is able to concentrate on life itself. The longer the person's life, the more saintly the person is presumed to have be...

Literal Meanings and Pedantic Precision

Literal Meanings and Pedantic Precision Literal Meanings and Pedantic Precision Literal Meanings and Pedantic Precision By Mark Nichol Earlier this year, the Merriam-Webster website, which, along with its paper-and-ink version, is notorious for its laissez-faire approach to word usage, expressed an intriguing argument in one of its Usage Notes: Chill out about preserving the â€Å"original† meaning of words. If one were to insist that words be used only in their initial sense, one would discourage me from writing â€Å"Chill out,† because I am not alluding to temperature, and the literal meaning of the verb chill is not â€Å"calm down,† but â€Å"make colder.† That’s the point of the post, which argues that, for example, aggravate shouldn’t be required to apply only to making something worse- it’s fine to use it when describing mere irritation. The argument goes that if the restriction is to be taken to its logical conclusion, aggravate should mean only â€Å"weigh down,† because that is its original sense. (The grav in aggravate, you see, is the same as the grav in gravity.) By the same token, the lackluster utterance of â€Å"Awesome† in response to, well, virtually any pronouncement- no exclamation point is necessary, because the comment was likely nothing like an exclamation- is acceptable. Apparently, the interest of some in preserving that term to describe something truly remarkable is invalid; after all, the original meaning was â€Å"inspiring awe,† and to employ the word for something merely spectacular demonstrates disloyalty to its etymological origins. (Awful would also have the same restriction, because it literally means â€Å"full of awe.†) I see the point, but I also feel that indiscriminate dilution of a word’s distinct meaning paints writers into a corner. Once awesome, indiscriminately mumbled in response to myriad comments undeserving of such a potentially powerful reply, is devalued, what is left to describe something that is, well, truly awesome? On the one hand, this weakening of a word challenges the writer to find- or even craft- a suitable synonym, but it might not be long before the replacement is in turn drained of its strength. That’s why I never write (or say) anxious when I mean eager; the former term patently alludes to anxiety, not anticipation. But I admit inconsistency- using the last word in the previous sentence reminds me that anticipation literally means not â€Å"the state of looking forward to something† but, rather, â€Å"the act of foreseeing.† (Anticipere, the Latin verb from which it is derived, means â€Å"take before.†) Nevertheless, I try to use precise, unambiguous words and will continue to preserve distinctions when possible, and I encourage careful writers to do so as well. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Writing Basics category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Computer Terms You Should Know50 Nautical Terms in General Use20 Movies Based on Shakespeare Plays

Emerging Markets Economies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Emerging Markets Economies - Essay Example This paper is based on the writings of Rousseau and Sylla on financial institutions and their role in expansion of trade and economic growth. Lessons which can be learned by emerging economies from the US are presented and described at length within this paper. Moreover the paper discusses the implementation of various models for a sound financial system and description of its role in enhancing expansion of trade and economic growth of emerging markets. It is through a good or sound financial system that rapid economic growth can be realized by emerging market. As a result, emerging economies must put in place a sound public debt and finances system (Rousseau and Sylla, 2001, p. 2). The financial markets are critical in the development of any economy and thus emerging markets must prioritize stabilization of their financial systems. For example, the remarkable growth of the US capital markets and banking systems is attributed to the rapid growth of its economy and acceleration of tra de within the country and internationally (Rousseau and Sylla, 1999, p. 4). This illustrates the role of financial markets in empowering individuals and businesses through provision of credit facilities as capital to enhance their trade. The efforts of the individual businesses in their trade endeavors will in return promote the ultimate economic growth of the economy. Moreover, the confidence and morale of investors is improved when there is availability and access to credit facilities. As a result, the investors will make use of the credit facilities and invest in the economy leading to expansion of trade and the economy in general. Monetary exchanges which characterize trade activities are promoted through a sound financial system. Banks enhance business transactions which are attributed to expansion of trade within emerging markets and thus growth of businesses. Rousseau and Sylla (2001, p. 42) emphasize that expansion of businesses into corporations and their internalization de monstrates a rapid growth of the economy. Rousseau and Sylla (1999, p. 15) reaffirm that the growth in stock of money or liquid money through expansion and increase of bank loans promotes financial development, economic growth and trade. For example, the increased liquid money in the expanded US bank credit boosted foreign investment through investors who were now more confident to invest in the economy. As a result imports were encouraged in addition to the increased application of modern production methods and thus internal economic growth. In this sense, financial are accredited for expansion of a country’s trade into import and export trade. Because of the growth of an emerging market’s trade into international orientations, foreign exchange is attained and hence further growth of the economy. It is the liquid money which finances businesses within an emerging economy Rousseau and Sylla (1999). The rate of exchange of liquid money within an economy demonstrates tha t there is rapidity of trade activities and hence a reflection of an expanding economy. According to Rousseau and Sylla (2001, p. 21), stable monetary arrangements within a country is one of the most important prerequisites to expansion of trade and growth of the economy. Monetary arrangements include policies which govern the financial systems. This means that emerging markets or economies must

Uncertainty reduction theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Uncertainty reduction theory - Essay Example lationship has been made certain and they seem to be engaging in verbal discussion probably disclosing information about self and reciprocating each other’s feelings based on how they are looking at each other. The film the Twilight is about a young man who is a vampire and a young lady who are schoolmates. The man distances himself from others and does not consider himself likeable to anyone. The young woman however sees something different in him that she likes and hence tries to find out more about him as well as seek courage and opportunity to be close to him. The Twilight is the best film to explain the concept of uncertainty reduction theory. Bella observes Edward from a far in the cafeteria trying to figure him out and wanting to know about him and why he seems mysterious. This is the passive strategy phase where there is simply observation of the person in an environment that seems natural. Bella goes further and starts asking fellow students about Edward in a bid to find out more about him and this is the active strategy phase. The fact that they take the class is an added advantage to the fact finding mission. Finally the opportunity to talk to him comes when Edward is made Bella’s Biology partners and they get to talk. This is the interactive strategy phase of the theory (Littlejohn and Foss 52). The talk reduces the uncertainties Bella had about Edward as she gets to know him better through verbal output as they talk and non-verbal warmth as either party shows signs of willingness to be more than lab partners. They self-disclose information about each other while communicating and they start reciprocating their feelings towards each other once the liking and similarity phase has passed and they have formed a relation even though it has its own share of complications (Knapp and Vangelisti, 64). The uncertainty reduction theory has helped explain my relationship with my best friend fort the last four years. I saw her when she moved into my

The Power of Angels in America Essay -- Kushner Angels in America Essa

The Power of Angels in America         Ã‚  "Such ethical possibility is, however, founded on and coextensive with the subject's movement toward what Foucault calls 'care of the self,' the often very fragile concern to provide the self with pleasure and nourishment in an environment that is perceived not particularly to offer them." -Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick    "Demanding that life near AIDS is an inextricably other reality denies our ability to recreate a sustaining culture and social structures, even as we are daily required to devote such time to the details of the AIDS crisis." -Cindy Patton    Tony Kushner's two-part play (or, if you will, two plays) Angels In America is one of most famous and most powerful plays about AIDS and gay life to come out of the early 1990s. It not only engages with the political issues surrounding AIDS and homosexuality in Reaganite America, but also deals with deeply philosophical questions of identity and the nature of God. It's no surprise that this play has sparked comment, including the criticism of the conservative right. In this paper, I intend to examine two of the articles written on the play. The first, Gordon Rogoff's "Angels in America, Devils in the Wings," is quite problematic, and errors of fact that the author makes about the play lead me to wonder at its value for analysis. The second article, Charles McNulty's "Angels in America: Tony Kushner's Theses on the Philosophy of History" pose some difficult questions regarding the plays' relationship to the concept of history, arguing that Millennium Approaches1 deconstruc ts history while Perestroika moves away from this deconstruction. According to McNulty, this is a problem in the second part of the pla... ... One of Angels in America. Perestroika is Part Two of the play. Works Cited Kushner, Tony. Angels in America, Part One: Millennium Approaches. New York: Theatre Communications Group, Inc., 1992. ---. Angels in America, Part Two: Perestroika. New York: Theatre Communications Group, Inc., 1992. McNulty, Charles. "Angels in America: Tony Kushner's Theses on the Philosophy of History." Modern Drama 39.1 (1996): 84-96. Patton, Cindy. "Teaching About AIDS." Inventing AIDS. New York: Routledge, 1990. 99-120. Rogoff, Gordon. "Angels in America, Devils in the Wings." Theater 24.2 (1993), 21-29. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. "Paranoid Reading and Reparative Reading; Or, You're So Paranoid, You Probably Think This Introduction is About You." Novel Gazing: Queer Readings in Fiction. Ed. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick. Durham: Duke UP, 1997. 1-37. The Power of Angels in America Essay -- Kushner Angels in America Essa The Power of Angels in America         Ã‚  "Such ethical possibility is, however, founded on and coextensive with the subject's movement toward what Foucault calls 'care of the self,' the often very fragile concern to provide the self with pleasure and nourishment in an environment that is perceived not particularly to offer them." -Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick    "Demanding that life near AIDS is an inextricably other reality denies our ability to recreate a sustaining culture and social structures, even as we are daily required to devote such time to the details of the AIDS crisis." -Cindy Patton    Tony Kushner's two-part play (or, if you will, two plays) Angels In America is one of most famous and most powerful plays about AIDS and gay life to come out of the early 1990s. It not only engages with the political issues surrounding AIDS and homosexuality in Reaganite America, but also deals with deeply philosophical questions of identity and the nature of God. It's no surprise that this play has sparked comment, including the criticism of the conservative right. In this paper, I intend to examine two of the articles written on the play. The first, Gordon Rogoff's "Angels in America, Devils in the Wings," is quite problematic, and errors of fact that the author makes about the play lead me to wonder at its value for analysis. The second article, Charles McNulty's "Angels in America: Tony Kushner's Theses on the Philosophy of History" pose some difficult questions regarding the plays' relationship to the concept of history, arguing that Millennium Approaches1 deconstruc ts history while Perestroika moves away from this deconstruction. According to McNulty, this is a problem in the second part of the pla... ... One of Angels in America. Perestroika is Part Two of the play. Works Cited Kushner, Tony. Angels in America, Part One: Millennium Approaches. New York: Theatre Communications Group, Inc., 1992. ---. Angels in America, Part Two: Perestroika. New York: Theatre Communications Group, Inc., 1992. McNulty, Charles. "Angels in America: Tony Kushner's Theses on the Philosophy of History." Modern Drama 39.1 (1996): 84-96. Patton, Cindy. "Teaching About AIDS." Inventing AIDS. New York: Routledge, 1990. 99-120. Rogoff, Gordon. "Angels in America, Devils in the Wings." Theater 24.2 (1993), 21-29. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky. "Paranoid Reading and Reparative Reading; Or, You're So Paranoid, You Probably Think This Introduction is About You." Novel Gazing: Queer Readings in Fiction. Ed. Eve Kosofsky Sedgwick. Durham: Duke UP, 1997. 1-37.

Characteristics of Successful College Students Essay

Health Psychology is a specialty that focuses on how different biological, psychological, social and behavioral factors influence the recovery of ones health and illnesses. The committee has set forth five specialists to collaborate on the study of the illness and to give specialized treatment in each area of recovery while dealing with such situations. (Cherry, 2000, p. 1) Each case is a specialized issue requiring treatment of each of the five different areas of Psychology input and or treatment. The five areas include a Psychologist that will work on specific issues that pertain to their area of study and or profession. The five Psychologist will include a Substance abuse counselor; Inpatient-only Psychologist; Child Psychologist; Adult Psychologist and finally a Rehabilitation Psychologist to focus on the after care portion of the recovery process. In the substance abuse counselor role, the abuse counselor will collaborate and coordinate the use of recovery programs and structured programs for substance abuse in conjunction with a social worker to aid in the assessment and to develop a plan of recovery for our patients. In this area the psychologist will clarify the frequency and duration of substance use if any and confirm the substance abuse pattern of the patient. The substance abuse counselor will also determine the severity of substance related problems in the last 12 months. The counselor will then determine if there was ever any substance abuse treatment history and review any medications and medical conditions of the patients. Once this process is complete the substance abuse counselor will do an in depth assessment, complete a family interview and give specialized treatment diagnosis, followed by continued therapy to prevent relapse of substance abuse. The substance abuse counselor will then forward necessary information about the patient to the Inpatient-only Psychologist. The Inpatient-only Psychologist will then Diagnose stress disorders and aid in stress-relief interventions, and utilize various methods to facilitate adjustment and coping skills with patients suffering a chronic or terminal illness. The inpatient-only psychologist will also contribute to improving in patient health by helping the patient and his or her families learn coping methods to deal with their illness. Providing specific inpatient therapies and services to the patients admitted to the hospital is a necessary portion of the recovery process for the patients. Many patients have been admitted into the hospital because they lack certain self-help skills and will to kick their habit. Being an inpatient will also help the individual and their family members by giving family therapy sessions and individual therapy sessions to the patients. Once the sessions are complete the individual will be referred to specific support groups if they choose to participate in this portion of the treatment process. In addition, the role of the inpatient-only psychologist will also give support to the improvement and the maintenance of the patient’s recovery by helping the patients adjust to their illness and help them learn to maintain their usual lifestyle. The Inpatient-only Psychologist will then forward necessary document to continue treatment with a Child Psychologist for child patients, and an Adult Psychologist for adult patients. The Child Psychologist will provide psychological preparation methods for children prior to medical procedures, and Collaborate with local schools. The child psychologist will also give insight to children and families on how to prepare for hospitalization if needed. The need for such preparation is a prediction on the belief that hospitalizations and surgery are traumatic, anxiety-producing experiences for children and their families, which can lead to long-term psychological disturbances. (Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 1976, p.226-30) Various methods will be used to provide the child and his or her family with information about the hospital and the procedure or operation. If needed a nurse or social worker will be provided to visit the child at home before he or she comes to the hospital. The nurse will be able to answer and questions the child and his or her family may have about the hospital and the procedure that will follow. If necessary the nurse and or child psychologist will provide a pamphlet explaining the forth-coming hospitalization and surgery, which they can read to the child before he or she comes to the hospital. Lastly if necessary the child psychologist can set up visits for the child to be able to visit the hospital prior to admission to become familiar with the setting and the hospital staff to get another form of comfort. Pharmaceutical treatment methods are going to be necessary in this case. Pharmaceutical treatment methods will provide the child with things such as antidepressants, muscle relaxes and anti-inflammatory medications to help control some of the symptoms they are experiencing after surgery is complete. Behavioral and cognitive treatment methods are also necessary to give the child other options than drugs to treat some of the mental issues in dealing with life after surgery. The patient may need to consult with a psychologist and other health care professional to deal with chronic symptoms. In looking at treatment methods to cope with pain its good that there are more than one treatment option available. Depending on the pain and the severity of the pain, more than one treatment method may be necessary An Adult Psychologist will provide psychological preparation methods for adults prior to medical procedures and surgery. Various methods will be used to provide the child and his or her family with information about the hospital and the procedure or operation. If needed a nurse or social worker will be provided to visit the child at home before he or she comes to the hospital. The nurse will be able to answer and questions the child and his or her family may have about the hospital and the procedure that will follow. Pharmaceutical treatment methods are going to be necessary in this case as well. Pharmaceutical treatment methods will provide the patient with things such as antidepressants, muscle relaxes and anti-inflammatory medications to help control some of the symptoms they are experiencing after surgery is complete. The Adult Psychologist will help the patient cope to adjustments needed to deal with a chronic or terminal illness. The Adult Psychologist will also help the adult improve adherence to medical regimens. Using such behavioral methods such as tailoring the regimen to make it as compatible with the patients habits and rewarding him or her for following the given regimen can and will help to improve patient compliance. The adult psychologist will also work with the adult patient to focus on understanding how they will react to, cope with and recover from their illness. In looking at treatment methods to cope with pain its good that there are more than one treatment option available. Depending on the pain and the severity of the pain, more than one treatment method may be necessary. Surgical treatment options in my opinion are the option that should be chosen should all else fail. Surgical treatment options will require more extensive after care procedures and needs. This is where the final psychologist comes into play. The final Psychologist that I choose will be a Rehabilitation Psychologist. The Rehabilitation Psychologist will work with the child or adult to get a comprehensive evaluation to assist the rehabilitation team with meeting the patients needs. The rehabilitation psychologist will build a team to assist the patient with cognitive, behavioral, physical, emotional, social and other needs after being released from the hospital. The rehabilitation psychologist will contribute in improvement in overall patient health by helping the patient relate better with their world. The rehabilitation process will be an ongoing process in which the patient will interact with the rehabilitation team to develop a plan for full recovery whether physical, mental, emotional or social therapy is the key aspect. Each of the five psychologists will work together to ensure that the proper care and after care procedures are met for each patient during their inpatient stay at the facility. The psychologist will work together to improve patient stays at the facility and make sure that no page is left unturned, to also ensure one hundred percent recovery rates. Patients and their families will be required to attend group sessions to be able to better develop a plan of care for the patient in the aid to better their chances for recovery. During the process the psychologist will attend weekly meetings to work together to better understand the patients behavioral, physical, and emotional or social needs. Behavioral treatment options can come in many forms. It may come in the form of consulting with a psychologist to discuss issues that are going on. Other options may include group sessions to speak openly about depressive and or other emotional feelings that one is coping with regarding their current well being. Cognitive therapy is a treatment option that focuses on helping patients deal with a specific portion of the problem. With this type of treatment, patients focus on identifying and changing destructive and disturbing thought patterns. Having a portion of all of the listed behavioral treatment options can help with different portions of treatment when it comes to illness such as hospital stays and surgeries. In all of the cases of illnesses more than one treatment option is needed. Having all of the five listed Psychologist will contribute to overall patient health. The substance abuse counselor will contribute to improvement by getting the patient off drugs or give the patient hope and confidence in their current situation. The Inpatient-only psychologist will provide treatment for chronic pain and utilize various methods to facilitate adjustment and coping skills, and also improve in overall patient help by helping the patient cope with the illness. A child psychologist will no only consult with the child prior to the medical procedures and surgery, but will also contribute by preparing the patient adequately for a procedure. And adult psychologist will also consult with the adults prior to the medical procedures and prepare the patient adequately for a procedure. And lastly the rehabilitation psychologist will help adults and children with any physical or mental limitation that occur after and or before surgery buy implementing a daily rehabilitation plan to improve their functionability. With all of the five psychologists working together on a team to contribute to therapy and aftercare treatment there should be 100% patient and family satisfaction. This is to ensure that no treatment desired or needed is overlooked. Each psychologist will assess the information given from the previous to determine they are all on the same track for recovery method for each patient. Each patient will be dealt with individually and will not have a considerable diagnosis without full assessment from each of the five-listed psychologist to ensure they have the proper plan to help promote improvement in overall patient health. References (). Managing and Controlling Clinical Pain. In (pp. 319-342). University of Phoenix American Accreditation Health Care Commission (n. d. ). Retrieved January 14,2010, from www. healthcentral. com American Behavioral Scientist (1994). Challenges for the 21st Century. Special Issue. Retrieved 07/10/10, from www. healthypeople. gov Cherry, K. (2000). What is Health Psychology. Retrieved January 28,2011, from www. about. com Journal of Pediatric Psychology. (1976). Preparation of Children for Hospitalization (Vol. 1 No. 4 ed. ). Missouri: Author.

The American Society During the Great Depression in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1565 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/04/30 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: Grapes of Wrath Essay Great Depression Essay Did you like this example? The Great Depression was a period of low business activity and overall economic crisis that plagued America for roughly ten years, beginning in 1929 and finally coming to an end in 1939. John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath is a fictional novel detailing the lives of one Oklahoma farm family, the Joads, who are driven by the hope for a better future, searching for it in the promised land of California. The Grapes of Wrath was published in 1939, as the Great Depression was finally coming to an end. Due to the timing of the publishing, as well as the consistencies between the fictional text and actual recounts of the event, inductions about the environment surrounding the time period can easily be made. Most notably, Steinbeck draws attention to the economical, societal, cultural and political impact made by the depression, incorporating various themes throughout the novel to establish minute details about the trials that accompanied living through it. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The American Society During the Great Depression in John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath" essay for you Create order Economically speaking, depression means a long and severe recession in an economy or market. That being said, a conclusion can be made that the Great Depression had a significant impact on the economy. Hours and wages were cut for hard workers, so much so that even a full family working every day would not earn enough money to feed everyone. Steinbeck expresses this issue with the economy repeatedly throughout the novel, first through explaining the impact of the dust bowl, then by criticizing the behavior of banks across America. The Grapes of Wrath sheds light on the fact that these violent dust storms destroyed their community as well as land, making their crops unusable. Men and women huddled in their houses, and they tied handkerchiefs over their noses when they went out, and wore goggles to protect their eyes. When the night came again it was black night, for the stars could not pierce the dust to get down( ) Now the dust was evenly mixed with the air. As a result of the storm, farmers could no longer sell the amount of crops needed to pay the banks, which is where the economics of it comes into play. When the banks took their land, the people of Oklahoma fled to California in search of a more forgiving job market. Okies, as well as the rest of middle-lower class America, began to realize that [companies] breathe profits; they eat the interest of money. In fact, they were not companies at all, they were monsters-creatures so heartless and cruel that they couldnt possibly be the work of humans. The bank is something more than men, I tell you. Its the monster. Men made it, but they cant control it, one farmer tells the Joads before they begin their journey to California. This inequality of power paves the way for an important motif found in the book, where Steinbeck establishes the helplessness which belongs to the working class in this time period. Steinbeck gives another glimpse into the Great Depression by indirectly describing the environment of American society as a whole. The class-gap in society is divided by a sharp line, most clearly demonstrated in conversations between landowners and workers, of upper and lower class. This break in unity is also exhibited by the Californians, who treat those migrants of Oklahoma with disdain merely because of where they are from. The first person Tom Joad stops to talk to in California is the one who introduced the family to the term Okie, someone from Oklahoma, and makes clear to them that it is not a term of endearment. Seemingly every person the family encounters views them as immigrant scum. The attitude towards the Okies, or anyone of a lower class, is blown to such a proportion that would make them seem like criminal invaders. When referencing the Oklahoma immigrants, one even exclaims how they got to keep em in line or Christ only knows what theyll do! Why, Jesus, theyre as da ngerous as the [Negros] in the South! If they ever get together there aint nothin thatll stop em. Racial harmony was nowhere in sight during this period of history, between the slave trade and Jim Crow laws, which means that being compared to black people solely because of ones social status would be highly offensive. The classist segregation, along with the economical aspect of the banks control, is what forced the peasants and farmers out of the land they were raised on. Steinbeck shows that this forced removal sparked the desire for a resistance through an early conversation between the Al, the youngest of the Joad boys, and a fellow Okie in the beginning of the novel. Upon hearing about the monster that is the bank, Al suggests the idea of killing the bank, because maybe [they] got to fight to keep [their] land like Pa and Grampa did. Steinbeck conveys to the reader the anger those in the working class held, showcased through the juvenile perspective of a sixteen-year-old boy. The most notable difference in cultures found in this book is that of the Okies and that of the Californians. The poor farmers who migrated to foreign lands for the betterment of their family were called by this seemingly derogatory name-an action that indirectly and presumably forced the Oklahoma natives into a state of intense inequality and discrimination in the promised land of California. As previously mentioned, the term is used in such a way that is meant to degrade the individuals as much as the n-word. The way Steinbeck characterizes the Californians views towards these immigrants with harsh and pessimistic views on their personal intentions. For example, one Californian claims they got to keep [those] here people down or theyll take the country. Theyll take the country. Outlanders, foreigners. This was upon first seeing the Joads as well, so it is obvious that they needed little time of knowing these outsiders before making their judgement on how they should be treated. Ste inbeck portrays this period as being positive only got those who are rich and white. If someone living during the Great Depression and they were black, middle class, or even a peasant trying to feel their family, it would make no difference on the amount of respect they were treated with. Politically speaking, the main conflict in the novel seems to be the rise of industrialization. Since the Second Industrial Revolution came to an end shortly before the Great Depression began, the improved farming techniques developed during the period became necessary after the dust bowl made the cultivation of crops so difficult. In The Grapes of Wrath, Steinbeck relates the concept of industrialization to the farmers by describing it with disturbing humanistic traits. Behind the harrows, the long seeders-twelve curved iron penes erected in the foundry, orgasms set by gears, raping methodically, raping without passion. The driver sat in his iron seat and he was proud of the straight lines he did not will, proud of the tractor he did not own or love, proud of the power he could not control. And when that crop grew, and was harvested, no man had crumbled a hot clod in his fingers and let the earth sift past his fingertips. No man had touched the seed, or lusted for the growth. In addition to altering their entire known way of living, the farmers growing attachment to their homeland is also greatly damaged. Due to the novels continuous support of social change in favor of the working class, it can also be inferred that Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath is a strong novel in favor of a proletarian revolution. Highlighting the unfair working conditions and the fight of the workers, Steinbecks portrayal advocates for social change in the journey to the coveted American Dream. One example of this, and perhaps the most powerful of all, comes towards the end of the novel in its climax. After the rain came and ended the drought, the reactions of the adults proves them to be strongminded individuals who will not give up without a fight-an attitude the reader can also assume was prominent during the Depression itself. The women watched the men, watched to see whether the break had come at last. The women stood silently and watched. And where a number of men gathered together, the fear went from their faces, and anger took its place. And the women sighed with relief, for they knew it was all right-the break had not come; and the break would never come as long as fear could turn to wrath. After the rain falls, the Joads leave their boxcar abode, and Rose of Sharons baby is stillborn, the conditions of living in this period could not be worse. However, the working class-in this instance, the Joads specifically-is driven by motivation for change despite hardships that may accompany it. In The Grapes of Wrath, John Steinbeck uses the fictional Joad family to portray the experiences of many American citizens during the Great Depression-using them to express the circumstances dealt with by the average middle-class citizen. Through reading the novel, one can gather much information about the Great Depression itself, namely that about its economics, society, culture, and politics. By writing about the strong-arm characteristics held by the bank, division of working classes, cultural differences between immigrants and natives, and the proletarian attitude held by many, Steinbeck successfully and accurately depicts the living environment present during the Great Depression.

Humor And How Does It Affect Brand Imaging, Interpersonal...

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The Field Of Banking And Finance - 934 Words

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Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement Free Essays

string(76) " in the Silom area because it is a central business area of office workers\." CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of the Research Vitamin supplements bring added nutritional values to people’s health. With their contents of the certain recommended amount of minerals and vitamins needed for staying healthy, vitamin supplements have become more and more popular especially for those with hectic and busy lifestyles. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement or any similar topic only for you Order Now These people believe that daily or regular consumption of vitamin supplements helps to ensure the proper intake of nutrition needed—a compensation for what they might have missed or lost as a result of workload or lifestyle. Unlike medicines or drugs for any medicinal purpose, vitamin supplements are taken for various reasons. Strength, health, and energy seem to take the lead as the top priorities, while illusions of youthfulness, fear of lack of complete nutrients, or long term protection follow. As work life and lifestyle in the global community have become more dynamic and healthy meals with proper dining are rare, people have resorted more to the help of vitamin supplements. Advertising plays a major part in creating more desire for vitamin supplements. Several marketing schemes of pharmaceutical manufacturers make a continued bombardment of publicity, using both soft and hard persuasion to convince consumers believe in the efficacy of vitamin supplements. These movements create motivational factors for consumers, and their reasons for consumption of vitamin supplements can be endless. Modern lifestyle and work behavior remain the catalyst for the market viability of vitamin supplements. While vitamin supplements aim to maintain the good health of their consumers, they could deteriorate health in many ways. Natural nutrition is certainly better than short-cut nutrition. The market, the manufacturers, and the consumers who live a fast-paced lifestyle should look for equilibrium of vitamin supplement exposure. The supplements should help enhance people’s wellbeing, instead of benefiting certain groups. 1. 1. 1 Consumption of Vitamin Supplements Nowadays, people are concerned about their health and they think that they do not eat proper, well-balanced, and nutritious foods which results in a lack of key vitamins, illness, and poor health. This is especially true of businessmen and office workers because, as the world is moving at a busy and faster pace, they spend most of the time working, which uses all their mental and physical energy, and sometimes they are very stressed and do not often eat proper food and rely instead on junk food or fast food because of its convenience. Therefore, these people purchase vitamin supplements to prevent nutritional deficiencies. People do not purchase and consume food supplements or health products as a cure. They purchase and consume then because they think vitamin supplements can help them improve their quality of life. There are several motivational factors that encourage business people or office workers to purchase vitamin supplements which create the demand in the market. The market for vitamin supplements has increased significantly because they have the need to consume vitamin supplements which play an important role in providing nutrition which supports and maintains their good health. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem Consumers of vitamin supplements are mostly business people in the central business districts (CBD) of any of the big cities in the world. Bangkok is no exception. With increasing stress, workload, and the hectic lifestyle of many CBDs in Bangkok, Thai business people try to keep their health stable by consuming more vitamin supplements, rather than observing proper gastronomy. Vitamin supplements of imported and local brands flood the shelves of trendy drug stores like Boots and other popular dispensaries. GNC, an American brand of vitamin supplements, has started to appear around downtown Bangkok’s shopping malls. Competition among manufacturers of vitamin supplements has become fierce, while several consumers have started to realize the side-effects of long-term intake of vitamin supplements. The issues of both the pharmaceutical market’s competitiveness and growing awareness of natural nutrients seem to be intertwined within the consumers’ minds. This study therefore aims to identify the motivational factors of the consumers in CBD Bangkok in their purchase intention of vitamin supplements. Recognizing the motivational factors reveals the consumers’ rationale and the impact of marketing techniques that have brought vitamin supplements to their present status. Manufacturers—both at home and abroad—will benefit from realizing consumers’ motivational factors, so that they are able to plan their research well and develop the technical and marketing sides. Surely Thailand, as a tropical country where herbs and pharmaceutical ingredients are found in abundance for making good vitamin supplements, can partake in this fierce competition with success, while the imported brands are ready to compete in any overseas market. However, if vitamin supplements are to become an essential food for people in CBD, all parties concerned need to use studies of consumers’ motivational factors to determine directions that not only yield a healthy result to the consumers but help them avoid risks too. . 3 Research Questions 1. What motivates business people in central business district (CBD) to purchase vitamin supplements? 2. What characterizes the profile of business people of central business district (CBD) in relationship with their consumption of vitamin supplements? 1. 4 Research Objectives 1. To identify motivational factors of business people in buying vitamin supplements; 2. To describe characteristics and behavior of business people in rel ation to their decision to purchase vitamin supplements; and, 3. To describe the characteristics and behavior of business people in relation to their decision to consume vitamin supplements. 1. 5 Scope of the Research This research aims to understand motivational factors affecting purchase intention regarding office workers and vitamin supplements. The research will break down into four main variables which constitute Individual Characteristics, Situational and Attitudinal Factors, Motivational Factors, and Purchase Intention of vitamin supplements. The target population was around the Silom area which it is the center of the business area and the most crowded place in Bangkok. The respondents were executive managers, senior managers, and managers or work in lower positions. 1. 6 Limitation of the Research This research was conducted in the Silom area because it is a central business area of office workers. You read "Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement" in category "Essay examples" Hence, the result of the research might be different if data are collected from other areas because of difference in demographics and individual characteristics. 1. 7 Significance of the Research The importance of this study is primarily focused on understanding what motivates office workers in terms of the benefits of, and their intent to purchase vitamin supplements. The outcome will be able to help people concerned about the need to consume vitamin supplements through studies of the motivational factors to determine the directions that provide a healthy result to office workers as well as to characterize their individual profiles regarding the intent to purchase vitamin supplements. It will also be useful for marketers to help them analyze and evaluate this study to assist marketing management in marketing decisions and formulating strategies to increase efficiency. 1. 8 Definition of Terms Central Business District (CBD) – the central district of a city or it is office or retail center of the city. In this study, the survey was conducted in the Silom area as it is the center of the business area and suitable for understanding motivational factors on purchase intention of office workers which are the target of this study. * Vitamin supplements – vitamin supplements help provide a consistent source of necessary vitamins and nutritio n. People who are busy in their working life and do not eat properly would benefit from taking vitamin supplements. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2. 1 Theories 2. 1. 1 Individual Characteristics Individual characteristics can be classified in many ways such as age, gender, educational level, income and personal appearance. It can refer to a set of personal traits of individuals (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). Individual characteristics can be described demographically or physically. Individual characteristics are unique. Some people may have the same characteristics in some areas just as some people may look Asian but no one person is identified to another. People will have different characteristics. According to Beatty and Smith (1987), and Mitchell (1993), demographic factors can fall into one category of individual characteristics which gender and age are mostly described as factors that usually affect consumer behavior. Additionally, we can include other individual characteristics such as educational level, working position and income, household size and time that spent on groceries shopping as factors that affect consumer behavior as well. Educational level can strongly affect consumer behavior. People with a higher education tend to spend more time searching for information and are willing to try something new in the market. Some products are designed for and required by highly-educated person such as laboratory equipment, international textbooks, etc. A Less educated person may seek and consume ordinary or routine products. They tend to have less awareness of new innovative products. Working status and income are perfectly related to each other. People cannot gain an income if they do not work. Income levels vary according to working status and position. Working status and income are usually used as influential factors that could affect consumer behavior. There is no market when there is no income. Income is required by profitable markets. What people can afford affects the products that people are likely to buy. Therefore, income is often one of the most popular demographic factors used to study the effects of consumer behavior. A household is an individual who lives alone or a group of individuals living together in a common dwelling, regardless of whether they are related. Households can be cohabitating couples who are unmarried and the opposite sex, same sex or simply roommates. Household size is determined by the number of people who live in the dwelling. Household size could affect buying decisions and consumer behavior. Logically, each household is likely to buy and consume different products at different quantities. Lastly, for individual characteristics, time spent on groceries is the number of hours spent grocery shopping per week. According to the study of Goodman (2008), over 32 million American adults shop at a grocery store on a typical day. That is a large population density in grocery shops which could be a potential market for marketers. The time spent grocery shopping may affect the buying behavior of consumers in terms of buying more other products. 2. 1. 2 Situational and Attitudinal Factors Consumer behavior of individuals could be affected by the individual’s needs, benefits sought, attitudes, motivation and purchasing situation. Since people have different attitudes, beliefs and situations, consumer behavior of each person will be expressed differently as well. Situational factors are all those factors related to the time and place of observation which do not require the knowledge of a person. These factors could strongly affect consumer behavior (Beck, 1975). People may act and consume differently in different purchasing situations. Time influences a purchase situation. Attitudinal factors are related to an individual’s tendency toward a specific thing and it is also a person’s propensity to be persistent and consistent. Attitude encompasses general knowledge and constitutes the cognitive, emotions, and actions. When an individual holds a positive attitude toward a target, he or she will hold the same attitude toward a similar target (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). According to the study of Kim and Chung (2011), health consciousness and appearance consciousness could affect consumer behavior. People who are at the stage of health and appearance consciousness do care about the desired stage of well-being and are willing to put in hard effort to maintain this. People with high health and appearance consciousness tend to spend more time searching for information on healthy living and they are likely to buy more vitamin supplements and other related health products. According to the Oxford English Dictionaries, a special diet means a special course of food to which people restrict themselves with either the purpose to lose weight or for medical reasons. It implies a specific intake of vitamin supplements or nutrition for weight management and health purposes. Grocery shopper can be used to measure motivation regarding consumer perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors. The more involved grocery shoppers go shopping by themselves and are more likely to employ purchase strategies that will enhance their purchase intention (Smith Carsky, 1996). A meal planner is also the same, according to Moore and Lehmann (1980), who found that an individual who is a meal planner or who prepares food seems to be more involved in purchase intention. Hence, they will be concerned about their food and nutrition and if they think they may lack benefits from their meals, they will be more likely to purchase vitamin supplements. . 1. 3 Motivational factors and product class involvement factors Consumer motivation is described as the influences that lead a consumer’s behavior toward a goal (Wang, 2001). Motivational factors are identified as a set of specific factors that influence motivation to individual needs. According to Drichoutis, Lazaridis, and Nayga Jr, (2007), this study defines price, nutrition, ease of intake, brand, and advertisement as variables in a measurement of product involvement, referred to by Moorthy (1997), which in this case is vitamin supplements. In addition, Rose (1994), and Thayer (1997) both concluded that these factors are important in consumer purchase intention. Price has a psychological impact that is used to influence consumer purchasing power. Nutrition can be defined as food or nourishment that is needed to keep growing, healthy, and to support life. Ease of intake has an emphasis on the convenience and difficulties of taking vitamin supplements. Brand enables a consumer to easily identify products of a particular company and decide to purchase them. Advertisement reflects an increasing trend in which people are concerned about their health. 2. 1. 4 Purchase Intention Purchase intention is a measurement of the possibility that a consumer will purchase a product and if the purchase intention is high, there is more chance that the consumer is willing to purchase a product. Purchase intention indicates consumers will follow their experience, preference, and motivation to collect information then evaluate their choices and choose alternatives so they can make a decision to purchase a product (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). Purchase intention also leads consumers to not just purchase a product once but to repeatedly purchase or repurchase a product and to recommend it to others. Customers repurchase intention depends on the value obtained in their previous transactions (Wathne, 2001; Kaynak, 2003; Bolton, 2000). So purchase intention is based on that value with a relationship with expected future benefits. Recommendation in purchase intention is consumers who are willing to recommend others to purchase the same products that they bought (Olaru, Purchase, Peterson, 2008). CHAPTER 3 FRAMEWORK AND METHODOLOGY 3. 1 Theoretical Framework 1. Figure 3. 1 – Drichoutis, A. C. , Lazaridis, P. , Nayga Jr, R. M. (2007). An assessment of product class involvement in food-purchasing behavior. This study aims to use the following framework to access the factors affecting the importance of different aspects such as price, taste, nutrition, ease of intake, and brand name of products (which in this study is food). The overall involvement with food, based on attribute importance, is affected by attitudinal factors and Socio-economic. In this framework, it provides different profiles of consumers who are not involved or more involved with food based on specific aspects. 2. Figure 3. 2 – Kim, H. Y. , Chung, J. E. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. The proposal of this framework attempts to study the effects of consumer values and past experience on consumer purchase intention of organic products and to consider the effect of perceived behavioral control on the attitude intention relationship by using the theory of planned behavior. . 2 Conceptual Framework Individual Characteristics * Age * Gender * Education * Work position * Income * Household Size * Time Spent on Grocery Shopping Figure 3. 3 – Motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements Purchase Intention * Purchase * Repurchase * Recommend others to purchase Motivational Factors * Price * Nutrition * Ease of Intake * Brand * Advertisement (trend) Situational Attitudinal Factors * Health Consciousness * Appearance Consciousness * Special Diet Status * Grocery Shopper Meal Planner After clearly understand two theoretical frameworks, the conceptual framework in this research aims to study motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements regarding office workers in the Silom area. First of all, it is necessary to study individual characteristics of office workers and how these affect purchases of vitamin supplements. Second, the study aims to identify situational and attitudinal factors that effect on consumer motivation leading to purchase of vitamin supplements. Third, the study aims to consider motivational factors of office workers and their effect on purchase intention of vitamin supplements. 3. 2. 1 Individual Characteristics The demographic factors are included in the individual characteristics category. Gender and age are factors that affect consumer behavior. Moreover, this study used education, working position, income, and household size as factors to further evaluate consumer characteristics to indicate how this effects their motivation and purchase intention of vitamin supplements. This research suggests these factors are crucial to profile consumers that intend to purchase vitamin supplements. 3. 2. 2 Situational Attitudinal Factors This research defines health consciousness, appearance consciousness, special diet status, grocery shopper, and meal planner under situational and attitudinal factors. People who are concerned about their desired state of well-being or require a special course of nutrition are likely to make an effort to maintain a healthy life, and are interested in caring about their appearance, by purchasing vitamin supplements. People who go shopping and prepare meals themselves are more likely to purchase vitamin supplements because these situational and attitudinal factors can influence and motivate an individual’s perception about nutritional values. 3. 2. 3 Motivational Factors Motivational factors are identified as factors that influence motivation of office workers to purchase vitamin supplements. The perceived importance of price, nutrition, ease of intake, brand, and advertisement are included in the model in which these factors are defined to effect consumer perception of the benefits of vitamin supplements and influence their purchase intention. The researcher would like to determine if these factors create a positive or a negative relationship toward their purchase intention. 3. 2. 4 Purchase Intention This research defines purchase, repurchase, and recommending others to purchase under the purchase intention category. People are motivated to take action based on their behavior, attitude, and perception so they intend to purchase vitamin supplements for health benefits. They may intend to repurchase in the future based on their previous expectation in products and they may also recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements. . 3 Hypothesis H1o: There is no relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption H1a: There is a relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption H2o: There is no relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplements H2a: There is a relatio nship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplements 3. Operationalization of Variables Variables| Concept of Variable| Operational Component| Measurement Scale| Situational Attitudinal Factors| – Situational factors are related to the time and place of observation that do not require the knowledge of a person and situational factors could strongly affect consumer behavior (Beck, 1975). – Attitudinal Factors are related to an individual’s tendency toward a specific thing and it is also a person’s propensity to be persistent and consistent (Ajzen Fishbein, 2005). – Concerned about health and diet all the time- On a special diet due to a health problem – Worried about physical shape and appearance- Do most of the grocery shopping- Always plan all family meals| Interval ScaleQ1 – Q5| Motivational Factors| Motivational factors are identified as a set of specific factors that influence motivation to individual needs (Wang, 2001). – Pay attention to price- Pay attention to nutritional value – Pay attention to convenience and ease of intake- Pay attention to the brand- Pay attention to popularity, advertisements and social trends| Interval ScaleQ6 – Q10| Purchase Intention| – Purchase intention indicates consumers will follow their preference, experience, and motivation to collect information then evaluate their choices and choose alternatives so they can make a decision to purchase a product (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). – Intend to purchase vitamin supplements- Recommend others to purchase- Intend to repeat purchasing| Interval ScaleQ11 – Q13| Individual Characteristics (Personal Information)| Individual characteristics can be classified is many ways such as age, gender, educational level, income and personal appearance. It refers to a set of personal traits of an individual (Schiffman and Kanuk, 2000). | – Gender- Age- Education level â₠¬â€œ Work position- Household size- Income- Time spent grocery shopping| Ordinal and NominalQ14 – Q20| 3. 5 Statistical Treatment of Data The research used a quantitative research method to prove the findings. Quantitative research is used to measure how many people feel, think or act in a particular way using surveys or questionnaires. Quantitative research also provides numerical data or can convert data into numbers for a statistical review. The research used a questionnaire for collecting data because it is the most proper way based on the number of questions to be answered and to get reliable data and information from the target population. 3. 5. 1 Respondents Sampling Procedure 1. Target Population The target population was office workers in the Silom area, which we considered to be the suitable location in the business area because this area is very famous, crowded, and at the center of the business area. 2. Sample size and unit The data were collected from 384 sampling units as this is the minimum sample sizes required from the population of office workers located in the Silom area. The population of office workers from this area is numerous because Silom is the center of the business area and many people from different areas work there. 3. Sampling Procedure The sampling method in this study is non-probability sampling because it is the most appropriate sampling method for this research as the target population are selected at random. Thus the research used the following type of non-probability samples technique in order to get questionnaire completed – Judgmental or Purposive sampling – This sampling is based on the assumption that the researcher can select elements which represent a typical sample from the appropriate target population: office workers in the Silom area. 3. 5. 2 Research Instrument and Questionnaire Design The researcher used a self-administered questionnaire which is a tool that helps the respondents to complete the questionnaire. The questionnaire design was based on the conceptual framework and was divided into four parts as follows – Part 1 (Situational Attitudinal Factors) – this part of the questionnaire is about understanding the situational and attitudinal factors regarding office workers and vitamin supplements. Part 2 (Motivational Factors) – this part of the questionnaire is about understanding the motivational factors of office workers toward vitamin supplements. Part 3 (Purchase Intention) – the researcher wanted to understand office workers purchase intention of vitamin supplements. The researcher would also like to know if they think vitamin supplements are very important in today’s business world. Part 4 (Individual Characteristics) – this part consisted of questions that acquired individual data of the respondent: it helped the researcher to understand what a characteristic profile of office workers are and their attitudes toward vitamin supplements. Questionnaire Scale A 5-point Likert Scale was used in the questionnaire. = Strongly Agree 4 = Agree 3 =Neutral 2=Disagree 1=Strongly Disagree 3. 5. 3 Collection of Data The researcher can collect 384 sets of questionnaires from respondents who are office workers in the Silom area. The questionnaire was carried out only during business hours. The researcher spent two weeks collecting questionnaire and the researcher had two assistants to help distribute questionnaires fo r obtaining data. The researcher collected all questionnaires and analyzed the data using the software package Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). 3. 6 Reliability Test Reliability Analysis of Research Instrument To test variables in the questionnaire using Cronbach’s Alpha Coefficient scale and if the alpha test result from the calculation is above . 6 or equal, it means that all questions in the questionnaire are reliable and consistent and can be applied as research instruments in this study. Situational and Attitudinal Factors Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| No. of Items| .800| 5| Motivational Factors Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| No. of Items| .727| 5| Purchase Intention Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| No. f Items| .907| 3| Overall Reliability Statistics| Cronbach’s Alpha| No. of Items| .895| 13| Table 3. 6: The Summary of Reliability Test Analysis Variables| Alpha test| Situational and Attitudinal Factors| . 800| Motivational Factors| . 727| Purchase Intention| . 907| Overall| . 895| The reliability test results of research instrument according to Table 4. 8 indicate that all v ariables in the questionnaire are greater than . 6. Therefore, all questions are reliable and consistent and can be applied as research instruments in this study. CHAPTER 4 DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULT The researcher used Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) to analyze the data using the following analyses – Frequency Analysis – To point out the individual characteristics of business people or office workers Descriptive Analysis – To test attitude, motivation, and intention of office workers and point what is the factor that they believe is the most important for them Correlation – To study the relationship or correlation between variables 4. 1 Frequency Analysis Table 4. 1. 1: The Analysis of Gender Levels using Frequency and Percentage Gender| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Male| 122| 31. 8| 31. 8| 31. 8| | Female| 262| 68. 2| 68. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 1, indicates that 68. 2% (262) of the respondents were female and 31. 8% (122) were male. Table 4. 1. 2: The Analysis of Age Levels using Frequency and Percentage Age| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 20 – 30 years old| 153| 39. 8| 39. 8| 39. 8| | 31 – 40 years old| 121| 31. 5| 31. 5| 71. 4| | 41 – 50 years old| 78| 20. 3| 20. 3| 91. 7| | 51 – 60 years old| 32| 8. | 8. 3| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 2, indicates that the highest percentages of respondents 39. 8% (153) were 20 to 30. 31. 5% (121) were 31 to 40, 20. 3% (78) were 41 to 50, and 8. 3% (32) were 51 to 60. Table 4. 1. 3: The Analysis of Educational Levels using Frequency and Percentage Educational levels| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Bachelor’s degree or lower| 212| 55. 2| 55. 2| 55. 2| | Master’s degree or higher| 172| 44. 8| 44. 8| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 3, indicates that 55. % (212) of respondents held a bachelor’s degree or lower and 44. 8% (172) held a master’s degree or higher. Table 4. 1. 4: The Analysis of Work Position Levels using Frequency and Percentage Work position | | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| Manager or lower| 214| 55. 7| 55. 7| 55. 7| | Senior manager| 131| 34. 1| 34. 1| 89. 8| | Executive manager| 39| 10. 2| 10. 2| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 4, indicates that the highest percentages of respondents worked as a manager or a lower position: 55. 7% (214), 34. % (131) were senior managers, and 10. 2% (39) were executive managers. Table 4. 1. 5: The Analysis of Household Size Levels using Frequency and Percentage Number of family members(household size)| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 3 or less| 104| 27. 1| 27. 1| 27. 1| | more than 3| 280| 72. 9| 72. 9| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 5, indicates that most households contained more than 3 people 72. 9% (280), and 27. 1% (104) contained 3 people or less. Table 4. 1. 6: The Analysis of Income Levels using Frequency and Percentage Income per month| Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| C umulative Percent| Valid| Up to 30,000 baht| 217| 56. 5| 56. 5| 56. 5| | Greater than 30,000 baht| 167| 43. 5| 43. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 6, indicates that the highest percentages 56. 5% (217) earned up to 30,000 baht while 43. 5% (167) earned greater than 30,000 baht. Table 4. 1. 7: The Analysis of Time Spent Shopping Levels usuing Frequency and Percentage Total amount of time spent shopping per week| | Frequency| Percent| Valid Percent| Cumulative Percent| Valid| 2 hours or less| 171| 44. 5| 44. 5| 44. 5| more than 2 hours| 213| 55. 5| 55. 5| 100. 0| | Total| 384| 100. 0| 100. 0| | Table 4. 1. 7, indicates that most respondents 55. 5% (213) spent more than 2 hours shopping, and 44. 5% (171) spent 2 hours or less. 4. 2 Descriptive Analysis Table 4. 2. 1: The Analysis of Situational and Attitudinal Factors using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| | N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I am concerned about my health and diet all the time | 384| 3. 85| . 911| I am on a special diet due to a health problem| 384| 2. 96| 1. 207| I often worry about my physical shape and appearance| 384| 2. 8| 1. 269| I do most of the grocery shopping myself| 384| 3. 65| . 985| I always plan all family meals| 384| 3. 55| . 979| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 1, the researcher found that the highest average of situational and attitudinal factors is 3. 85: those concerned about health (health consciousness) and the lowest average is 2. 96: those on a special diet. The highest standard deviation is 1. 269: those who worry about physical shape and appearance (appearance consciousness) and the lowest standard deviation is 0. 911: those concerned about health (health consciousness). Table 4. 2. 2: The Analysis of Motivational Factors using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| | N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I often pay attention to price when I go shopping| 384| 3. 67| . 989| I often pay attention to nutritional value when I do grocery shopping| 384| 3. 75| . 822| I often pay attention to convenience and ease of intake of medicine and vitamins| 384| 3. 63| . 858| I pay attention to the brands of vitamins and supplementary food| 384| 3. 42| . 902| I pay attention to popularity, advertisements, and social trends of vitamin consumption| 384| 3. 0| . 958| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 2, the researcher found that the highest average of motivational factor is 3. 75: those who pay attention to nutritional value and the lowest average is 3. 20: those who pay attention to the popularity, advertisements, and social trends. The highest standard deviation is 0. 989: those who pay attention to price. The lowest standard deviation is 0. 822: those who pay attention to nutrition value. Table 4. 2. 3: The Analysis of Purchase Intention using Average Mean and Standard Deviation Descriptive Statistics| N| Mean| Std. Deviation| I intent to purchase vitamin supplements| 384| 3. 14| 1. 145| I want to recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements| 384| 3. 28| . 936| I intend to repurchase vitamins and supplements continuously| 384| 3. 09| 1. 156| Valid N (listwise)| 384| | | As indicated in table 4. 2. 3, the researcher found that the highest average of purchase intention is 3. 28: those who recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements, and the lowest average is 3. 09: those who intend to repurchase vitamin supplements. The highest standard deviation is 1. 56: those who intend to repurchase vitamin supplements and the lowest standard deviation is 0. 936: those who recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements. 4. 3 Inferential Analysis Table 4. 3. 1: The Analysis of the Relationship between Situational At titudinal Factors and Motivation using the Person Correlation (Bivariate) Correlations| | MeanSAF| MeanMF| MeanSAF| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 638**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 384| 384| MeanMF| Pearson Correlation| . 638**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 384| 384| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 1 level (2-tailed). | According to Table 4. 3. 1, the results from the inferential analysis using the Pearson correlation show that the significant is equal . 000 which is less than . 01 (. 000. 01). It means that the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus, the researcher can conclude that there is a relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivation at the significant 0. 01 level. At . 638 means there is a strong positive relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivation or two variables move in the same direction. Table 4. 3. : The Analysis of the Relationship between Motivation and Purchase Intention using the Person Correlation (Bivaria te) Correlations| | MeanMF| MeanPI| MeanMF| Pearson Correlation| 1| . 746**| | Sig. (2-tailed)| | . 000| | N| 384| 384| MeanPI| Pearson Correlation| . 746**| 1| | Sig. (2-tailed)| . 000| | | N| 384| 384| **. Correlation is significant at the 0. 01 level (2-tailed). | According to Table 4. 3. 2, the results from the inferential analysis using the Pearson correlation show that the significant is equal . 000 which is less than . 01 (. 000. 01). It means that the null hypothesis is rejected. Thus, the researcher can conclude that there is a relationship between motivation and purchase intention at the significant 0. 01 level. At . 746 means that there is a strong positive relationship between motivation and purchase intention or two variables move in the same direction. CHAPTER 5 DICUSSIONS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS There are four sections in this chapter. The first section is to discuss of the summary of findings and hypothesis testing. The second section is to discuss and make conclusion which answers the research questions in this research. The third section is recommendations and the last section suggests the future studies. 5. 1. 1 Summary of Findings Table 5. 1. 1: Profile of Office Workers Variables| Percentage of total| Gender| MaleFemale| 31. 8%68. 2%| Age| 20 – 30 years old31 – 40 years old41 – 50 years old51 – 60 years old| 39. 8%31. 5%20. 3%8. 3%| Education| Bachelor’s degree or lowerMaster’s degree or higher| 55. 2%44. 8%| Work position| Manager or lowerSenior managerExecutive manager| 55. 7%34. 1%10. 2%| Household size| 3 or lessMore than 3| 27. 1%72. 9%| Income| Up to 30,000 bahtGreater than 30,000 baht| 56. 5%43. %| Time spent shopping per week| 2 hours or lessMore than 2 hours| 44. 5%55. 5%| Based on the findings, females were the majority of the respondents: 262 (68. 2%). The largest age group was 20 – 30 years old: 153 respondents (39. 8%). The majority of respondents had an educational level of Bachelor’s degree or lower: 212 respondents (55. 2%). Most respondents work position was manager or lower: 214 respondents (55. 7%). The majority of households contained more than 3 persons: 280 respondents (72. 9%). Most respondents had an income per month of up to 30,000 baht: 217 respondents (56. %). Most respondents spent more than 2 hours per week shopping: 213 respondents (55. 5%). 5. 1. 2 Summary of Hypotheses Testing This research used the Pearson correlation analysis to demonstrate the hypotheses, and the results are – Hypothesis 1: There is a relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption Hypothesis 2: There is a relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplement The key finding from each hypothesis will be analysis in the next part. . 2 Discussion and Conclusion Table 5. 2: Summary of Mean and Standard Deviation Variables| Means (SD)| Health consciousness | 3. 85 (0. 911)| Appearance consciousness| 2. 96 (1. 207)| Sp ecial diet status| 2. 98 (1. 269)| Grocery shopper| 3. 65 (0. 985)| Meal planner | 3. 55 (0. 979)| Price| 3. 67 (0. 989)| Nutrition| 3. 75 (0. 822)| Ease of intake| 3. 63 (0. 858)| Brand| 3. 42 (0. 902)| Advertisements and social trends| 3. 20 (0. 958)| Intent to purchase vitamin supplements| 3. 14 (1. 145)| Recommend others to purchase and consume vitamin supplements. 3. 28 (0. 936)| Intend to repurchase vitamins and supplements continuously. | 3. 09 (1. 156)| As for situational and attitudinal factors, the researcher found that the highest factor was health consciousness which means the majority of office workers are concerned about their health and diet all the time (mean score 3. 85). Based on this result, which may be caused by their busy lifestyle and working life, they are least concerned about having a special diet due to health problems (mean score 2. 6) which means they do not think they need to diet much. As for motivational factors, the researcher found that the highest factor that motivate them is nutrition value when they do grocery shopping (mean score 3. 75). Based on this result, office workers may think nutrition is needed to support their life and keep them healthy. They are least motivated by popularity, advertisements, and social trends (mean score 3. 20) because they seem not to care much about advertisements or trends as they recognize the importance of vitamin supplements. As for purchase intention, the researcher found that the highest average (regarding purchase intention) is office workers who want to recommend that others purchase vitamin supplements (mean score 3. 28). Based on this result, they recognize vitamin supplements are needed and they may think that they should recommend that their friends, co-workers, and family try vitamin supplements. This mean score was followed by intent to purchase vitamin supplements (mean score 3. 14) and intent to repurchase vitamin supplements (mean score 3. 09). Office workers purchase vitamin supplements when they think they lack necessary nutrition or a healthy life. If they think they have good well-being, they feel that they do not need to purchase vitamin supplements. However, they may repurchase vitamin supplements again when they feel they are needed. This research aimed to study the motivational factors regarding purchase intention of vitamin supplements by office workers in the Silom area in terms of individual characteristics, situational and attitudinal factors, motivational factors, and purchase intention. This study used the SPSS program in order to test and analyze hypotheses and all related factors using the Pearson correlation. The researcher found that there is a relationship between two variables in each hypothesis with a strong positive relationship or a move in the same direction. Based on the result of hypothesis one, the research shows that office workers agreed that the more they are concerned about their health and also do grocery shopping and meal planning themselves, the more motivation there is toward vitamin supplement consumption. Based on the result of hypothesis two, office workers also agreed that important factors that motivate them to purchase vitamin supplements are price, nutrition, and ease of intake whereas brand and advertisements or trends are the two least important factors. Hence, office workers in Silom area agreed that they have the intention to purchase and recommend others to purchase vitamin supplements if the price is suitable, there is high nutritional value, and there is ease of intake. 5. 3 Recommendations Based on the result of hypothesis one, the researcher found that there is a relationship between situational attitudinal factors and motivational factors for vitamin supplement consumption. The researcher would like to suggest that it is a best opportunity for marketers to plan in their research and development the production of a high quality product because office workers are concerned about their health and food consumption and they pay attention to the nutritional value of food or supplements, brands, convenience, ease of intake, and price. According to the result of ypothesis two, the researcher found that there is a relationship between motivational factors and purchase intention of vitamin supplements. The researcher would like to suggest that marketers can develop and implement a marketing strategy because price, nutrition, and brand are factors that office workers are concerned about so marketers could motivate them by offering product information on the labels under the br and name as well as using pricing and advertising to motivate them to purchase vitamin supplements. 5. 4 Future study The researcher would like to make a suggestion regarding future study that can be made using this research. This research was conducted only on office workers in the Silom area and, for further knowledge and understanding, the research could be conducted on office workers in other areas such as Sukumvit, Pleonchit, and Siam as to have a full understanding into the motivation and purchase intention toward vitamin supplements in Bangkok. Future study can use, adapt, and adjust this research and its framework to fit with their study of motivational factors on purchase intention of vitamin supplements with more or other variables. REFERENCES Ajzen, I. , Fishbein, M. (2005). The influence of attitudes on behavior. In D. Albarracin, B. T. Johnson, M. P. Zanna (Eds. ), The handbook of attitudes (pp. 173-221). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum. Baltas, G. (2001). Nutrition labelling: issues and policies. European Journal of Marketing, 35 (5/6), 708 – 721. Drichoutis, A. C. , Lazaridis, P. , Nayga Jr, R. M. (2007). An assessment of product class involvement in food-purchasing behavior. European Journal of Marketing, 41 (7/8), 888 – 914. Essoussi, L. H. , Zahaf, M. (2008). Decision making process of community organic food consumers: An exploratory study. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 25 (2), 95 – 104. Gautreau, C. (2011). Motivational factors affecting the integration of a learning management system by faculty. The Journal of Educators Online, 8 (1), 1 – 25. Goodman, J. (2008, October). Grocery shopping: who, where and when. Retrieved July 17, 2012, from Time Use Institute website: http://www. timeuseinstitute. org/ Hollywood, L. E. , Armstrong, G. A. , Durkin M. G. (2007). Using behavioural and motivational thinking in food segmentation. International Journal of Retail Distribution Management, 35 (9), 691 – 702. Houghton, J. , Neck, C. Cooper, K. (2009). Nutritious food intake: A new competitive advantage for organization? International Journal of Workplace Health Management, 2 (2), 161 – 179. Kim, H. Y. , Chung, J. E. (2011). Consumer purchase intention for organic personal care products. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 28 (1), 40 – 47. Nayga Jr, R. M. (1999). Toward an understanding of consum ers’ perceptions of food labels. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review, 2 (1), 29 – 45. Olaru, D. , Purchase, S. , Peterson, N. (2008). From customer value to repurchase intentions and recommendations. Journal of Business Industrial Marketing, 23 (8), 554 – 565. Schiffman, L. G. , Kanuk, L. L. (2000). Consumer Behavior. Wisconsin, WI: Prentice Hall. Smith, M. , Carsky, M. (1996). Grocery shopping behavior: A comparison of involved and uninvolved consumers. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 3 (2), 73 – 80. APPENDICES APPENDIX A ENGLISH VERSION QUESTIONNAIRE This questionnaire is a part of an Individual Research in the topic of â€Å"Motivational Factors on Purchase Intention of Vitamin Supplements† by a Master of Business Administration student of Assumption University. The researcher, hereby, pledges that all of the information gathered will be kept confidential and used to assist the project of study only. Your kind cooperation would be very much appreciated. Please indicate whether you agree or disagree with the following statements 5= strongly agree, 4 = agree, 3 = neutral, 2 = disagree, 1 = strongly disagree | 5| 4| 3| 2| 1| 1. I am concerned about my health and diet all the time. | | | | | | 2. I am on a special diet due to a health problem. | | | | | | 3. I often worry about my physical shape and appearance. | | | | | | 4. I do most of the grocery shopping myself. | | | | | | 5. I always plan all family meals. | | | | | | 6. I often pay attention to price when I go shopping| | | | | | 7. I often pay attention to nutritional value when I do grocery shopping. | | | | | | 8. I often pay attention to convenience and ease of intake of medicine and vitamins. | | | | | | 9. I pay attention to the brands of vitamins and supplementary food. | | | | | | 10. I pay attention to popularity, advertisements and social trends of vitamin consumption. | | | | | | 11. I intent to purchase vitamins and supplementary food. | | | | | 12. I want to recommend others to purchase and consume vitamin supplements. | | | | | | 13. I intend to repurchase vitamins and supplements continuously. | | | | | | Personal Information 14. Gender ? Male? Female 15. Age ? 20 – 30 years old? 41 – 50 years old ? 31 – 40 years old? 51 – 60 years old 16. Education level ? Bachelor’s degree or lower? Masterâ€℠¢s degree or higher 17. Work position ? Manager or lower position ? Senior manager ? Executive manager 18. Number of family members (household size) ? 3 or less? more than 3 19. Income per month ? Up to 30,000 baht ? Greater than 30,000 baht 20. Total amount of time spent shopping per week ? 2 hours or less? more than 2 hours APPENDIX B THAI VERSION QUESTIONNAIRE (Individual Research) ———————————————— 5 = , 4 = , 3 = , 2 = , 1 = | 5| 4| 3| 2| 1| 1. | | | | | | 2. | | | | | | 3. | | | | | | 4. | | | | | | 5. | | | | | | 6. † | | | | | | 7. | | | | | | 8. - ( )| | | | | | 9. ( ) | | | | | | 10. | | | | | | 11. | | | | | | 12. | | | | | | 13. | | | | | | 14. ? ? 15. ? 20 – 30 41 – 50 ? 31 – 40 51 – 60 16. ? ? 17. ? (manager) ? (senior manager) ? (executive manager) 18. ? 3 3 19. ? 30,000 ? 30,000 20. ? 2 2 How to cite Motivation Factor Toward Vitamin Supplement, Essay examples